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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of cell-cycle regulators p27 Kip1 and cyclin E, alone and in combination, correlate with survival in young breast cancer patients (1997)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 3 (1997), S. 222-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Mutations in certain genes that regulate the cell cycle, such as p16 and p53, are frequently found in human cancers1. However, tumor-specific mutations are uncommon in genes encoding cyclin E and the CDK inhibitor p27Kip1, two cell-cycle regulators that are also thought to contribute to tumor ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0297-222
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Breastfeeding and breast cancer risk (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 6 (1995), S. 199-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; breast feeding ; United States ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A population-based case-control study of breast cancer with a focus on premenopausal women under 45 years of age, conducted in three geographic regions of the United States, enabled the evaluation of risk in relation to varying breastfeeding practices. Among premenopausal parous women (1,211 cases, 1,120 random-digit-dialing controls), a history of breastfeeding for two or more weeks was associated with a relative risk (RR) of 0.87 (95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.7–1.0). This relationship was not altered substantially by removing from the reference group women who had problems with breastfeeding in the first two weeks, including those with insufficient milk production. Risk was not related substantially to number of children breastfed or length of breastfeeding, although a relatively low risk was observed among those breastfeeding for the longest duration examined (RR=0.67, CI=0.4–1.1 for an average period per child of 72 or more weeks). Women who began to breastfeed at a young age (〈22 years) experienced the greatest reduction in risk, but other timing parameters (e.g., interval since first or last breastfeeding) were not predictive of risk. Risks were not modified substantially by age or menopause status, although the number of menopausal subjects examined was limited. Use of medications to stop breast milk was unrelated to risk (RR=1.04). The results of this study do not support the notion that breastfeeding substantially reduces breast cancer risk; however, this may reflect the fact that most of our study subjects breastfed only for limited periods of time (average breastfeeding per child of 30 weeks). Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship of breastfeeding to breast cancer risk, and to determine possible etiologic mechanisms underlying any observed associations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051791
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk among young women (United States) (1998)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 9 (1998), S. 583-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast neoplasms ; cigarette smoking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To evaluate whether heavy cigarette smoking as a teenager or long-term smoking increases breast cancer risk or, alternatively, whether smoking acts as an anti-estrogen and reduces risk. Methods: Data from a multi-center, population-based, case-control study among women under age 55 were analyzed. Results: Among women under age 45, there was a modest inverse relation with current (OR=0.82, 95% CI=0.67, 1.01) but not past (OR=0.99, 95% CI=0.81, 1.21) smoking. Odds ratios were decreased for current smokers who began at an early age (0.59 for≤15, 95% CI=0.41, 0.85) or continued for long periods of time (0.70 for 〉21 years, 95% CI=0.52, 0.94). In subgroup analyses, reduced odds ratios were observed among current smokers who were ever users of oral contraceptives (0.79, 95% CI=0.63, 0.98), were in the lowest quartile of adult body size (0.53, 95% CI=0.34, 0.81), or never or infrequently drank alcohol (0.68, 95% CI=0.47, 0.98). Among women ages 45-54, there was little evidence for an association with smoking. Conclusions: These results suggest that breast cancer risk among women under age 45 may be reduced among current smokers who began smoking at an early age, or long-term smokers, but require confirmation from other studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008868922799
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hair product use and the risk of breast cancer in young women (1999)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 10 (1999), S. 551-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: breast neoplasms ; hair dye ; hair spray ; risk factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: The reported mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of some chemicals present in hair dyes have raised concern that hair dye use could increase breast cancer risk. This case–control study evaluated how detailed aspects of hair coloring and hair spray application by reproductive-age women may affect breast cancer risk. Methods: Cases were white female residents of three counties of western Washington state 45 years of age or less, who were diagnosed with breast cancer between 1983 and 1990 (n = 844). A sample of similarly aged women residing in the same counties served as controls (n = 960). Information on hair coloring and hair spray use, as well as other exposures, was ascertained during in-person interviews. Results: Breast cancer cases were slightly more likely than controls to report ever having used some type of hair coloring application, including use of rinses, semi-permanent or permanent dyes, as well as bleaching then dyeing or frosting their hair (relative risk [RR] = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.0–1.6, adjusted for age, fullterm pregnancies, family history of breast cancer, and weight). In subgroup analyses, women with exclusive use of just one of these methods of hair coloring application had no elevation in risk (similarly adjusted RR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.9–1.3), whereas women who used two or more of these methods did have an elevated risk (RR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.4–2.5). Hair spray use was not related to the risk of breast cancer (ever versus never users: RR = 1.0, 95% CI = 0.8–1.3). Conclusion: The lack of an association between exclusive use of a single type of hair coloring application and breast cancer risk argues that hair coloring application does not influence breast cancer risk among reproductive-age women. Thus, the results of the present study, as well as negative ones from most (but not all) prior studies, are most consistent with the conclusion that neither hair coloring application nor hair spray application influences breast cancer risk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008903126798
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leisure-time physical activity in relation to breast cancer among young women (Washington, United States) (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 77-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; physical activity ; United States ; women
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has been hypothesized that women who participate in vigorous physical activity may have lower risk of breast cancer due to lower lifetime exposure to ovarian hormones. A population-based case-control study was conducted to investigate the association between leisure-time physical activity and risk of breast cancer among women aged 21 to 45 years. Cases were 747 women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 1983 and 1990 in three counties of western Washington state (United States), and were identified through the Seattle-Puget Sound Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry. Controls were 961 women selected from the same area by random-digit telephone dialing. Physical activity was assessed through personal interview, with questions on frequency and duration of each type of recreational activity during the two-year period immediately prior to reference date (date of diagnosis for cases and a comparable assigned date for controls) and between ages 12 and 21. For the two-year time period before diagnosis, there was no association with frequency of activity (age-adjusted odds ratio [OR]=0.93, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.71-1.22 for four or more episodes per week cf none), total hours spent in physical activity (age-adjusted OR=0.92, CI=0.71-1.22 for four or more hours per week cf none) or MET (metabolic equivalent energy expenditure unit) (age-adjusted OR=0.95, CI=0.73-1.23 for 18 or more METs per week cf none), nor any trend in risk with increasing activity levels. Similarly, there was no association between leisure activity during adolescence and breast cancer risk. These results were not confounded further by body mass index (wt/ht2), age at menarche, age at first full-term pregnancy, parity, family history of breast cancer, or other measured health behaviors. Our findings do not support a protective effect of leisure-time physical activity either in the adolescent years or in adulthood on breast cancer in young women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018439306604
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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