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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Analytica Chimica Acta 290 (1994), S. 21-26 
    ISSN: 0003-2670
    Keywords: Fluorimetry ; Proteins ; Recombinant human growth hormone ; Silica nanoparticles
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 413 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0797
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract An ethanol sensor has been tested for feed-rate control of baker's yeast prouction. The yeast was grown on molasses in an 8 dm3 fed-batch reactor up to a cell concentration of 60–70 kg/m3. Studies were made on three levels: reliability of the sensor system, characterisation of the control problem, and evaluation of ethanol-controlled cultivations in terms of yield and production rate. Arguments are given for the conceptual advantages of ethanol control compared to other methods of substrate control. It is also shown that ethanol control allows for a simple regulator structure. In fact, a PID regulator, with constant parameters, was used around an exponential dosage scheme. Tuning of the regulator parameters was performed by using simulation on a simplified model of the process. Several cultivations have been carried out. Results from four comparable cultivations are given in detail, and the experience from many others is summarized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bioprocess and biosystems engineering 10 (1994), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 1432-0797
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A method is presented for the evaluation of sensors used in the control of continuous fermentations. Simulations of open-loop response to input disturbance provided a starting point for the choice of sensor type. This was evaluated quantitatively through a sensitivity ratio. It was shown that in the case of ethanol fermentation, there existed three regions where different sensors could be used for the process control depending on the inlet sugar concentration. Sugar sensors were preferable above an inlet sugar concentration of 50 kg/m3, while ethanol sensors were preferable below 25 kg/m3. In the intermediate region, sugar and ethanol sensors demonstrated equally good performance. A controllability study of a continuous ethanol fermentation was also made. A single-stage continuous stirred-tank fermentor was simulated operating at a dilution rate of 0.1 1/h and inlet glucose concentration of 160 kg/m3. The outlet glucose concentration was controlled with a PI controller. Mean square error of the controller input signal during the first five hours after introducing input disturbance was taken as a measure of the controllability. This was studied in the relation to the two key sensor characteristics, sampling time and accuracy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 21 (1985), S. 135-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Previously reported flow microcalorimeter devices for enzymic reaction heat measurement, enzyme thermistors, have here been extended with systems for on-line sample treatment. Glucose analysis was performed by intermittent flow injections of 50 μl samples through such an enzyme thermistor device containing immobilized glucose oxidase and catalase. Sucroce analysis was performed by allowing diluted samples to continuously pass through an additional enzyme thermistor containing immobilized invertase. The reaction heats were recorded as temperature changes in the order of 10–50 m°C for concentrations of 0.05–0.30 M glucose or sucrose present in the original non-diluted samples. The performance of this system was investigated by its ability to follow concentration changes obtained from a gradient mixer. The system was applied to monitoring and controlling the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose in a plug-flow reactor with immobilized invertase. The reactor was continuously fed by a flow of scurose of up to 0.3 M (100 g/l). Glucose and remaining sucrose were monitored in the effluent of the column. By using flow rate controlled feed pumps for sucrose and diluent the influent concentration of sucrose was varied while the overall flow rate remained constant. On-line control of the effluent concentration of lucose and sucrose was achieved by a proportional and integral regulator implemented on a microcomuter. Preset concentration of glucose in the effluent could be maintained over an extended period of time espite changes in the overall capacity of the invertase reactor. Long delay times in the sensor system and the enzyme column made it necessary to carefully tune the control parameters. Changes of set-point value and temperature disturbances were used to verify accuracy of controlling performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bioprocess engineering 10 (1994), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 0178-515X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A method is presented for the evaluation of sensors used in the control of continuous fermentations. Simulations of open-loop response to input disturbance provided a starting point for the choice of sensor type. This was evaluated quantitatively through a sensitivity ratio. It was shown that in the case of ethanol fermentation, there existed three regions where different sensors could be used for the process control depending on the inlet sugar concentration. Sugar sensors were preferable above an inlet sugar concentration of 50 kg/m3, while ethanol sensors were preferable below 25 kg/m3. In the intermediate region, sugar and ethanol sensors demonstrated equally good performance. A controllability study of a continuous ethanol fermentation was also made. A single-stage continuous stirred-tank fermentor was simulated operating at a dilution rate of 0.1 1/h and inlet glucose concentration of 160 kg/m3. The outlet glucose concentration was controlled with a PI controller. Mean square error of the controller input signal during the first five hours after introducing input disturbance was taken as a measure of the controllability. This was studied in the relation to the two key sensor characteristics, sampling time and accuracy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bioprocess engineering 23 (2000), S. 637-642 
    ISSN: 0178-515X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The off-gas composition from perfusion cultivation of a CHO-cell line producing recombinant human blood coagulation Factor VIII is monitored with an electronic nose. It is shown that the electronic nose in combination with an artificial neural network can be used for on-line estimation of the Factor VIII concentration in production-scale cultivations. The obtained prediction error (1σ) for the Factor VIII concentration was 1.1 IU/ml. The potential of the electronic nose for estimation of viable cell count is outlined in laboratory-scale Factor VIII cultivations. The obtained prediction error (1σ) for the viable cell count was 0.4×106 cells/ml. The results show that this non-invasive method is potentially useful for on-line bioprocess monitoring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 29 (1987), S. 941-949 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Process control of different reactor models for continuous production of ethanol from sucrose with immobilized yeast has been studied. An enzyme thermistor with immobilized invertase recorded the concentration of sucrose continuously. Ethanol was recorded by a membrane gas sensor with a SnO2 semiconductor used as detector. A process computer controlled the substrate feed to keep substrate as well as ethanol concentration at preset values by using algorithms of varying complexity. It was thereby demonstrated that PID regulators as well as more advanced algorithms (Otto-Smith regulator, state feedback from a Kalman filter, and cascade control) are useful alternatives to maintain a constant concentration in the fermentor effluents. The time required for the system to return to predetermined conditions after various kinds of disturbances has been especially studied. It was shown that the more advanced regulator used the shorter time.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 427-438 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: multisensor array ; baker's yeast ; sensor fusion ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of a multisensor array for measuring the emission from a production-scale baker's yeast manufacturing process is reported. The sensor array, containing 14 different gas-sensitive semiconductor devices and an infrared gas sensor, was used to monitor the gas emission from a yeast culture bioreactor during fed-batch operation. The signal pattern from the sensors was evaluated in relation to two key process variables, the cell mass and the ethanol concentrations. Fusion with the on-line sensor signals for reactor weight and aeration rate made it possible to estimate cell mass and ethanol concentration using computation with backpropagating artificial neural nets. Identification of process states with the same fusion of sensor signals was realized using principal component analysis. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 427-438, 1997.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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