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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution to chromium and nickel enrichment during cooking of foods in stainless steel utensils (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 38 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Nickel ingestion can cause exacerbation of dermatitis in patients who are already nickel-sensitive; Chromium (Cr VI) is the 2nd allergen, after nickel. However, stainless steel is widely used in home cookware. In this study, we determined nickel and chromium levels by atomic absorption spectrometry in 11 habitual menus cooked in different grades of stainless steel utensils. We noted a great difference in nickel and chromium intake depending on the menu, and a significant difference between the glass and stainless steel saucepans, but this was very low compared with the levels of nickel and chromium contained in the menus; mean intakes of these elements were under the tolerable daily intake (TDI) recommended by the World Health Organization. Hence, there is no advantage for nickel-sensitive patients in switching to materials other than stainless steel, provided that this is of good quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05763.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nickel release from nickel-plated metals and stainless steels (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 31 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Nickel release from nickel-plated metals often induces allergic contact dermatitis, but, for nickel-containing stainless steels, the effect is not well-known. In this paper, AISI 304, 316L, 303 and 430 type stainless steels, nickel and nickel-plated materials were investigated. 4 tests were performed: patch tests, leaching experiments, dimethylglyoxime (DMG) spot tests and electrochemical tests. Patch tests showed that 96% of the patients were intolerant to Ni-plated samples, and 14% to a high-sulfur stainless steel (303), while nickel-containing stainless steels with a low sulfur content elicited no reactions. Leaching experiments confirmed the patch tests: in acidic artificial sweat, Ni-plated samples released about 100 mUg/cm2/week of nickel, while low-sulfur stainless steels released less than 0.03 μg/cm2/week of nickel, and AISI 303 about 1.5 μg/cm2/week. Attention is drawn to the irrelevance of the DMG spot test, which reveals Ni present in the metal bulk but not its dissolution rate. Electrochemical experiments showed that 304 and 316 grades remain passive in the environments tested, while Ni-plated steels and AISI 303 can suffer significant cation dissolution. Thus, Ni-containing 304 and 316 steels should not induce contact dermatitis, while 303 should be avoided. A reliable nitric acid spot test is proposed to distinguish this grade from other stainless steels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1994.tb01997.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mortality from lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases among stainless-steel producing workers (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Cardiovascular diseases ; chromium ; ferrochromium ; foundry ; France ; heat ; lung cancer ; stainless steel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The mortality pattern of workers involved in the production of stainless steel (SS) was studied from 1968 to 1984 in order to investigate a possible risk of lung cancer in relation to exposure to chromium compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and silica. The role of heat exposure in mortality from cardiovascular diseases also was examined. The cohort was comprised of 4,227 workers. Complete individual job histories were provided by the company (UGINE SA). The smoking habits of 24 percent of the cohort members were known from the interview of workers still active during the data collection. The observed numbers of deaths were compared with the expected ones based on national rates with adjustment for age, sex, and calendar time (standardized mortality ratio, SMR). No significant excesses of lung cancer were observed among workers employed in the manufacture of ferroalloys (SMR=0.68) and in the melting and casting of SS (SMR=1.04), whereas a significant excess appeared among SS foundry workers (SMR=2.29). This excess was higher and remained significant among workers with more than 30 years since first employment in the foundry area (SMR=3.34). Among subjects exposed to heat, no excess was observed for all cardiovascular diseases or for ischemic heart diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053147
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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