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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 54 (1998), S. 365-375 
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The crystallographic study of the tungsten phosphate bronze P4W24O80 was performed from three-dimensional single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and electron microscopy. This compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with unit-cell dimensions a = 5.312 (1), b = 6.5557 (8), c = 42.196 (8) Å and space group P212121. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods and Fourier techniques, and refined to the reliability factor R = 0.0284 (wR = 0.0272). Its determination confirms that it belongs to the monophosphate tungsten bronze family of the general formula (PO2)4(WO3)2m with the value m = 12. Large empty cages surrounded by 18 O atoms are built up of eight WO6 octahedra and four PO4 tetrahedra sharing corners. They are located between two WO3-type slabs forming pentagonal-shaped tunnels running in the a direction. Electron microscopy investigations confirm that the studied crystal does not imply modulation phenomena when other crystals of the same composition exhibit satellite reflections with a modulation vector q* involving a doubling of a. The observations also reveal the existence of a monoclinic form of the m = 12 compound, which is a regular intergrowth of m = 11 and m = 13 members in a similar way to the m = 5 member of the series where the same feature has already been observed. On each edge of a WO3-type slab, a large variation (from 1.73 to 2.09 Å) of the six W—O distances within the WO6 octahedron is noted, which yields an oxidation state of W near 6, whereas for the WO6 octahedra located in the middle part of the slab the six W—O distances are gathered about their mean value (1.92 Å), which involves a more important electronic delocalization. The thermal motion of the W atoms is described. The absolute structural configuration is tested on the basis of some calculated structure factors, which are more sensitive to the x, y, z → −x, −y, −z change of atomic positions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Solid State Ionics 70-71 (1994), S. 445-450 
    ISSN: 0167-2738
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 40 (1989), S. 187-199 
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Technik wurde entwickelt, um die Gesamt- und Kondenswassermischungsverhältnisse in konvektiven Wolken mit warmer Basis zu messen. Ein Düsentriebwerkskompressor auf einer Learjet 24 dient als Verdunster, um alles kondensierte Wasser in Dampf umzuwandeln, dessen Dichte in der ausströmenden komprimierten Luft dann mittels eines Lyman-alpha-Feuchtemeßgeräts bestimmt wird. Fehlerquellen sind zum einen die Verunreinigung der Luftstraßen, die regelmäßig ausgewertet werden muß, indem der Hintergrundswert durch Taupunktmessungen in klarer Luft bestimmt wird; zum anderen die nicht-isokinetische Probenentnahme am Triebwerkseinlaß, die aus der Volumsflußrate der Luft am Einlaß bestimmt wird. Das Lyman-alpha-Feuchtemeßgerät erwies sich als robust und wartungsextensiv, u. a. aufgrund seiner geringen Drift. Die Drift wird mittels in die Meßkammer eingeführten trokkenen Stickstoffes aufgezeichnet.
    Notes: Summary A technique has been developed for measuring total water mixing ratio and condensed water mixing ratio in warm-based convective clouds. The jet engine compressor on a Learjet 24 is employed as an evaporator to convert all cloud condensate to vapour and the vapour density in the compressed (bleed) air is measured with a Lyman-alpha humidiometer. Sources of error in the measurement are i) a contaminant in the air lines which must be evaluated regularly by baselining the measurement against a dewpoint measurement in clear air; ii) nonisokinetic sampling at the jet inlet, which has been evaluated by monitoring the volume flow rate of air at the inlet. The Lyman-alpha humidiometer has been found to be robust and serviceable, with very slow drift properties. The drift is monitored by introducing dry nitrogen into the measurement cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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