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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neurons in the Rat Occipital Cortex Co-expressing the Substance P-Receptor and GABA: a Comparison Between In Vivo and Organotypic Cultures (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 9 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The morphology and the distribution of neurons expressing the NK1-receptor (NK1R) and the co-expression of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in these neurons were studied in the rat occipital cortex and in organotypic cultures (OTCs) derived from this structure. By employing immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate that the NK1R-expressing neurons are non-pyramidal neurons and co-express GABA. Some differences were noted between in vivo and OTCs. NK1 R-expressing neurons in OTCs had larger somata and longer dendrites and the proportion stained with an anti-GABA-antibody (∼50%) was smaller than in vivo (90%). The preferential location of NK1 R-expressing neurons in layers II/III and VI, seen in vivo is not present in OTCs where these neurons distribute rather homogeneously through layers Il-VI. Our findings imply that in contrast to the cat and monkey, in the rat occipital cortex the effects of substance P are almost exclusively mediated via inhibitory interneurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01508.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective retrograde labeling with D-[3H]-aspartate in the monkey olivocerebellar projection (1987)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 66 (1987), S. 445-447 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Olivocerebellar projection ; Retrograde labeling ; Excitatory amino acids ; d-[3H]-aspartate ; Monkey ; Climbing fibers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The specificity of d-[3H]-aspartate as a retrograde marker was investigated following large injections of this tritiated amino acid in the monkey cerebellar cortex. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found exclusively in the inferior olive, a fact which is consistent with previous studies in the rat. These results show that d-[3H]-aspartate is a selective tracer that might also be useful to delineate excitatory pathways using glutamate and/or aspartate as neuro-transmitter(s) in the monkey brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00243320
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The contribution of GABA-ergic neurons to horizontal intrinsic connections in upper layers of the cat's striate cortex (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 85 (1991), S. 235-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Retrograde tracing ; GABA-immunohistochemistry ; Double labelled neurons ; Horizontal intrinsic connections ; Cat area 17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The contribution of neurons containing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to horizontal intrinsic projections in layers I–III of cat's striate cortex was investigated by combining GABA-immunohistochemistry with axonal tracing. After intracortical injections of Rhodamine-labelled latex microspheres Rhodamine-labelled neurons form patch- or bandlike aggregations (clusters) separated from each other by regions containing fewer, evenly distributed or no labelled neurons. Of the Rhodamine-labelled neurons about 5% display GABA-immunoreactive material (double labelled = DL-neurons). Approximately 70% of the DL-neurons occur at distances of less than 1 mm, and the remaining 30% at distances between 1 mm and 2.5 mm from the injection. About 60% of the DL-neurons reside within clusters and 40% are located in regions between clusters; the respective percentages of the Rhodamine labelled GABA-negative neurons are about 85 and 15. Considering their small number and their spatial distribution inhibitory interneurons seem to make only minor contributions to the clustered pattern of intrinsic connections. Our results demonstrate that the topographical organization of neurons giving origin to lateral inhibitory interactions in upper layers of cat's striate cortex is different from that of neurons mediating excitatory functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230006
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of neurons expressing substance P receptor messenger RNA in immature and adult cat visual cortex (1993)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 97 (1993), S. 295-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Tachykinin ; Oligodeoxynucleotides ; In situ hybridization ; Striate cortex ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding substance P receptor (SPR) in the visual cortex of adult cats and 17-day-old kittens, using in situ hybridization histochemistry with two digoxigenin-labeled oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to the SPR mRNA. In the adult cortex, a subset of large pyramidal neurons of layer V and layer III is heavily labeled. Other, mainly pyramidal neurons in layers II, III and V are less intensely labeled, but most neurons in these layers appear unlabeled. Neurons in layer IV and VI, and in the white matter do not show hybridization signals above background levels. In the 17-day-old kitten, SPR mRNA-expressing cells are confined to layer V and to the upper white matter (subplate zone), whereas supragranular neurons do not yet contain SPR mRNA. A few neurons in layer VI display moderate labeling. Astrocytes, identified with anti-glial fibrillary acid protein antibodies, did not express detectable levels of SPR mRNA in both adult and kitten visual cortex. These results indicate that SPR mRNA expression is transient in neurons of the white matter, and is developmentally regulated in supragranular layers. In addition, the localization of SPR mRNA in a subset of pyramidal cells suggests that substance P modulates the excitability of certain projection neurons which are the origin of extrinsic connections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228697
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insect optic lobe neurons identifiable with monoclonal antibodies to GABA (1986)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 84 (1986), S. 207-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five monoclonal antibodies aginst GABA were tested on glutaraldehyde fixed sections of optic lobes of three insect species, blowflies, houseflies and worker bees. The specificity of these antibodies was analyzed in several tests and compared with commercially available anti-GABA antiserum. A very large number of GABA-like immunoreactive neurons inncrvate all the neuropil regions of these optic lobes. Immunoreactive processes are found in different layers of the neuropils. The immunoreactive neurons are amacrines and columnar or noncolumnar neurons connecting the optic lobe neuropils. In addition some large immunoreactive neurons connect the optic lobes with centers of the brain. Some neuron types could be matched with neurons previously identified with other methods. The connections of a few of these neuron types are partly known from electron microscopy or electrophysiology and a possible role of GABA in certain neural circuits can be discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00495784
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monoclonal antibodies demonstrating GABA-like immunoreactivity (1986)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 86 (1986), S. 147-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to GABA were developed following immunization with GABA coupled to bovine serum albumin (GABA-BSA). The selection of hybridoma cell lines producing antibodies which reacted with GABA-BSA but not with glutamate-BSA conjugates as well as the characterization of chosen mAb was performed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The five mAb selected were all of the IgG class and displayed different patterns of crossreactivities with the amino acid- and dipeptide-BAS conjugates tested. MAb 3A12 reacted approximately 4,000 times better with GABA-BSA than with β-alanine-BSA conjugates according to serial dilution experiments of the antibody in ELISA. Immunoreactivity was even lower for other conjugates tested including glycine-, taurine-, glutamate-, and glutamine-BSA. Immunohistochemical results in rat and chicken brain indicated that the patterns of GABA-like immunoreactivity observed with these mAb were consistent with the available information on the distribution of GABA-containing neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00493380
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glutamate-like immunoreactivity revealed in rat olfactory bulb, hippocampus and cerebellum by monoclonal antibody and sensitive staining method (1989)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 90 (1989), S. 427-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Although there is good evidence favoring l-glutamate as a major excitatory amino acid transmitter, relatively little is known about the distribution of nerve terminals using this substance. A method visualizing glutamate-like immunoreactivity at the light microscopic level by means of a monoclonal antibody, mAb 2D7, is described. — The antigen used for immunization was a glutaraldehyde-linked glutamate-BSA conjugate, and hybridomas were differentially screened by ELISA for production of antibodies recognizing glutamate- but not aspartate-BSA. The cross-reactivity of ‘anti-glutamate’ mAb 2D7 as estimated in absorption tests was low even with conjugates closely related to glutamate-BSA. — Semithin sections from rapidly perfusion-fixed, plastic-embedded rat brain tissues were etched and stained by a combination of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method and silver enhancement of the diaminobenzidine reaction product. Only this amongst several other immunohistochemical methods tried produced labeling patterns which showed terminal-like elements in brain regions such as olfactory bulb, hippocampus and cerebellum, and which were mostly consistent with already available information on systems using glutamate as neurotransmitter. Particularly striking was the staining of elements reminiscent of mossy fiber terminals in hippocampus and cerebellum as well as of cerebellar parallel fiber terminals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00494354
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Putative neurotransmitters in the retinae of three urodele species (Triturus alpestris, Salamandra salamandra, Pleurodeles waltli) (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 317-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ; Serotonin ; Neuropeptides ; Urodele amphibians (Triturus alpestris, Salamandra salamandra, Pleurodeles waltli)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The immunocytochemical localization of several substances with putative neurotransmitter or modulator properties was investigated in the retinae of three urodele species. Gamma-aminobutyric acid-like immunoreactive labelling appeared in different types of amacrine and horizontal cells. In addition, labelled fibres in the optic nerve were detected. It was not possible to determine whether these fibres were ganglion-cell axons or part of an efferent projection. Endogenous serotonin was found in several populations of amacrine cells including stratified and diffuse types. Glucagon-like immunoreactivity appeared in one bistratified amacrine cell type, and neurotensin-like immunoreactivity was detected in a single monostratified amacrine cell type. Metenkephalin-like-immunoreactive labelling was rare but found in several sublaminae of the inner plexiform layer. Thus each peptide-like-immunoreactive cell type makes up a distinct and unique population of cells and probably has a special functional role in retinal processing. There are striking similarities in the peptide-like immunoreactive patterns of Triturus alpestris and Necturus maculosus whereas in Ambystomatidae the peptide-like-immunoreactive systems appear to be differently organized. This supports the hypothesis that Salamandridae and Proteidae are more closely related to each other than to the Ambystomatidae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214374
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