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Notes: A detailed description is given of the structures forming the borders of Viborg's triangle and those structures contained within and adjacent to the triangle. Changes in the size, shape and prominence of these structures with changes of head and neck posture of the horse are also described.

Notes: A description is given of the gross and microscopic anatomy of the shield of the boar and its position in relation to the subcutaneous or superficial fascia. The histology of the shield is contrasted with that of the cutis of the same superficial regions of the body of the 9-month-old boar and in the light of these findings and the known social behaviour of adult boars, the possible function of the shield is discussed.

Notes: The iliopubic cartilages of 70 greyhounds (30 males and 40 females) were studied in animals ranging in age from 18 months to 4 years. A combination of anatomic dissection and radiographie techniques was used to characterize the incidence of ossification or mineralization. An increase incidence of radiodense areas was demonstrated in female animals, but it was not statistically significant. The probable functional role of the iliopubic cartilage is discussed.

Notes: Investigations of the equine peripheral vascular system have been constrained by the lack of a non-invasive method of examining the arteries and veins of the limbs of the conscious horse. Precise correlations were established between the gross anatomical features of the peripheral vessels and their B-mode sonographic appearance in each thoracic limb of 35 horses. A sonographic imaging protocol was established. Additional Doppler sonographic recordings defined the arterial waveforms and demonstrated that blood flow to the foot could be evaluated in the lateral proper digital artery, distal to the level of the coronary band. Valves (with 2–4 cusps) were identified in the lumina of the medial and lateral palmar common digital veins and those of the medial and lateral palmar proper digital veins. Spontaneous echo contrast, a smoke-like haze of echoic blood, was seen in the lateral and medial palmar common digital veins, the distal deep palmar venous arch and communicating branches, and the palmar proper digital veins, and occasionally seen in the distal deep palmar arterial arch and distal proper palmar digital arteries. The value of duplex sonography (B-mode and Doppler) for anatomical and physiological studies of the peripheral vasculature of the horse was clearly established. Such data could be applied to the investigation of diseases affecting the peripheral circulation.

Notes: Die Fascia subcutanea des Sdvweines erwies sich präparatorisch als eine den ganzen Körper bedeckende Faszie, die nur im Gebiet der langen Sitzbein-muskeln mit der Fascia profunda groβflachig verschmolzen ist. Sie ist durch-weg eine Grenzhaut zwischen dem ihr aufliegenden Panniculus adiposus ext. und dem sie unterlagernden interfaszialen Verschiebegewebe. Wo der Panniculus adiposus ext. fehlt, ist sie mit einer Lamina subcorialis verschmolzen, die sonst isolierbar sein kann.An Stellen, wo Hautmuskeln ausgebildet sind, bietet sie denselben Ur-sprung und Ansatz. Dabei liegen die Hautmuskeln der Faszie entweder oben oder unten an; sie können die Faszie aber audi durchbohren. Die der Faszie abgewandte Oberfläche der Hautmuskeln wird von einer Lamina supra-resp. inframuscularis überzogen, die beiderseits der Muskelränder aus der Faszie hervorgeht. Rassische und individuelle Unterschiede hinsiditlidi der Dicke der Faszie wurden festgestellt.Ein Vergleich mit bisherigen Angaben zeigt, daβ die präparatorische Be-stimmung der Fascia subcutanea mit der definitorischen Bestimmung älterer französischer Autoren übereinstimmt. Die Diskussion der Funktion der Fascia subcutanea beleuchtet Unterschiede zur Fascia profunda und zeigt, daβ die Fascia subcutanea grundsatzlich der Haut dient.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉SummaryThe cutaneous muscle fascia (Fascia subcutanea s. trunci superficialis) in the pigAs a result of dissection, the fascia subcutanea of the pig was shown to be covering the entire body. Only in the region of the hamstring muscles is there a large surface area of fusion with the fascia profunda. Throughout its extent, the fascia subcutanea is a limiting membrane between the overlying panniculus adiposus externus and the underlying interfascial sliding tissue. Where the panniculus adiposus is lacking the fascia fuses with a lamina subcorialis which also can be isolated at other sites.At sites where there are cutaneous muscles the fascia subcutanea provides them with origin and insertion. The cutaneous muscles lie either above or underneath it or can penetrate it; their removed surfaces are covered respectively by a lamina supramuscularis or a lamina inframuscularis. These arise from both borders of the cutaneous muscle concerned. Breed and individual differences in the thickness of the fascia were established.A comparison with previous data shows that the fascia subcutanea dissected in the present investigation fulfils the definition of the older French authors. The discussion of the function of the fascia subcutanea sheds light on the differences between it and the fascia profunda, and shows that it is fundamentally associated with the skin.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLe Fascia peaucier (Fascia subcutanea s. trunci superficialis) du PoreLe Fascia subcutanea du Pore se révèle à la dissection comme un fascia enveloppant la totalité du corps; ce n'est qu'au niveau des longs muscles ischiaux qu'il est largement confondu avec le Fascia profunda. II marque en général la limite entre le Panniculus adiposus ext. qui le recouvre et le tissu conjonctif lâche, sous-jacent, situé entre les deux fascias. Là oú le Panniculus adiposus ext. fait défault, il est confondu avec une Lamina subcorialis qui peut etre isolable par ailleurs.Aux endroits où les muscles peauciers sont développés, il leur fournit origine et terminaison. Ceux-ci sont appliqués contre le fascia, soit superficiellement, soit profondément, mais peuvent aussi le traverser. La surface des muscles peauciers appliquée contre le fascia est recouverte d'une Lamina supra resp. inframuscularis qui, de chaque côté des bords musculaires provient du fascia. Des différences raciales et individuelles ont été mises en évidence quant á 1épaisseur du fascia.En comparant avec les descriptions antérieures, on constate que les données de la dissection du Fascia subcutanea concordent avec les opinions des anciens auteurs français. La discussion au sujet de la fonction du Fascia sub-cutanea éclaire certaines différences par rapport au Fascia profunda et montre que le Fascia subcutanea sert fondamentalement à la peau.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉ResumenLa aponeurosis de los musculos cutaneos, Fascia subcutanea s. trunci superficialis, del cerdoLa fascia subcutánea del cerdo aparece en la preparación anatómica como una aponeurosis que envuelve el cuerpo completo. Sólo en la regióeAn isquial existe una fusión amplia con la fascia profunda. En general, esta fascia constituye una membrana separadora entre el panículo adiposos por encima, γ el tejido laxo interfascial por debajo. En las partes donde falta el panículo adiposo, la fascia está fusionándose con la lámina subcorial, que en otras partes puede aislarse.En las regiones donde existen músculos cutáneos, esta fascia sirve para sus inserciones, adosándose los músculos a la misma. A veces, tales músculos la perforan también. La cara de los músculos que no está en contacto con la mencionada fascia, está cubierta por una lamina supra- o inframuscular, respectivamente, que se origina de la fascia en los bordes de los músculos. Con respecto al espesor de la fascia existen diferencias individuales y raciales.La comparación de los hallazgos con los datos bibliográficos demuestra su coincidencia con las definiciones de algunos autores franceses. Se discuten la funció de la fascia subcutánea y sus diferencias con respecto a la fascia profunda, demostrándose que la fascia subcutánea sirve fundamentalmente para la piel.

Notes: A detailed description is given of the methods to locate and palpate a subcutaneous part of the zygomatic branch of the auriculopalpebral nerve in 9 out of 10 adult horses examined. This permits the exact placing of local anaesthetic along the nerve branch at the described site, resulting in the akinesis of the m. orbicularis oculi and the elimination of the blink reflex. This facilitates ophthalmologic examination and possible treatment of some eye conditions.

Notes: A description is given of 75 features present in the normal tarsus of the standing horse which are apparent due to visible skin contours overlying them. Depending on whether or not the pelvic limb is supporting full weight or resting, some contours alter their configuration. Therefore the contour of each underlying feature is described separately for each stance of the limb. It is considered that visual inspection and identification of the apparent superficial features of the normal equine tarsus form the basis of orientation and clinical inspection. Furthermore, these features provide reference points for procedures associated with surgery, arthroscopy, intraarticular treatment and anesthesia of a horse's tarsus suspected of being injured or infected.

Notes: A method is described for the detailed palpation of the parotid duct of the live Greyhound; the method can also be applied to other dog breeds which have short facial hair. Transquilisation is needed where the dog concerned is nervous, boisterous or impatient.

Notes: A description is given of a consistently present and palpable tendinous consolidation located within the tendon of insertion of the long head of the triceps brachii muscle in the greyhound. Its function during flexion of the elbow joint is discussed, and compared with the parapatellar cartilage.

Notes: In a random selection of 50 adult dogs (25 males and 25 females) and 50 adult cats (25 males and 25 females), the incidence of ossification of the sesamoid structure of the popliteus muscle was characterized through anatomical dissection and radiographie techniques. The incidence of ossification was 84% in the dogs and 100% in the cats. In both anatomical and radiologie studies, it was demonstrated that when the knee was fully extended, the sesamoid bone was adjacent to the caudodistal part of the articular surface of the lateral tibial condyle in both dogs and cats. When the knee was flexed, the sesamoid bone articulated progressively with the more craniodorsal part of the tibial articular surface and when full flexion is obtained, it articulated with the articular part of the lateral surface of the lateral meniscus. The probable functions of the sesamoid bone are discussed.