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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The barriers to bluetongue virus infection, dissemination and transmission in the vector, Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 144 (1999), S. 747-761 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary.  Transmission of bluetongue virus (BTV) by a vector species of Culicoides was studied using immunohistochemistry, virus titration and in vitro transmission tests. Adult female C. variipennis were used from two colonies that are either “transmission competent” or “transmission refractory” after oral infection with BTV. Intrathoracic (IT) injection of BTV into the haemocoel always resulted in a fully disseminated infection and transmission of virus in saliva. However, after ingestion of an infectious blood meal, only 30% (approximately) of midges from either colony became persistently infected. Although none of the orally infected insects from the “refractory” colony were able to transmit virus, 12% of those from the “competent” colony (containing ≥ 103.0TCID50 of virus/midge) did transmit BTV in their saliva. The most important barriers to BTV transmission in Culicoides vector species appeared to be a mesenteron infection barrier (MIB), which controls initial establishment of persistent infection, a mesenteron escape barrier (MEB) which can restrict virus to gut cells and a dissemination barrier (DB) which can prevent virus which enters the haemocoel from infecting secondary target organs. Culicoides variipennis do not appear to present either a salivary gland infection barrier (SGIB), or a salivary gland escape barrier (SGEB) to BTV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007050050540
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Replication of Eubenangee virus inCulicoides nubeculosus (Mg.) andCulicoides variipennis (Coq.) (1980)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 63 (1980), S. 203-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eubenangee virus multiplied to a high titre in bothCulicoides variipennis andC. nubeculosus after intrathoracic inoculation but only inC. variipennis after oral ingestion. 7.9 per cent of the orally infectedC. variipennis supported virus replication and transmission of virus was demonstrated after 15 days' incubation at 26° C. The significance of low infection rates when assessing vector potential in the laboratory and the relevance of these infection rates to the field situation are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01315027
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development and mortality ofOrnithodoros moubata after feeding through an artificial membrane (1986)
    Springer
    Tropical animal health and production 18 (1986), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7438
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L’alimentation artificielle utilisée pour la maintenance d’une colonie d’Ornithodoros moubata a entraîné de forts pourcentages de mortalité. Ces pertes peuvent être contrôlées par l’addition d’antibiotique au liquide nourricier, sans toxicité apparente pour les tiques. Des résultats comparatifs montrent que pour la maintenance de colonies d’O. moubata, les techniques d’alimentation artificielle sont aussi efficaces que l’alimentation sur porc, hôte primaire de ces argasidés.
    Abstract: Resumen Se ha observado gran mortalidad deOrnithodoros moubata, en colonias alimentadas artificialmente. Esta puede controlarse fácilmente, añadiendo antibióticos al medio artificial, sin producir toxicidad a las garrapatas. Los resultados comparativos demuestran, que la alimentación artificial de colonias deOrnithodoros moubata es más eficiente, que la alimentación directa de las garrapatas en cerdos, huéspedes naturales de estos argásidos.
    Notes: Summary High mortality rates have often been observed when artificial feeding techniques are used for colony maintenance ofOrnithodoros moubata. Such fatalities can be readily controlled by addition of antibiotics to the feeding medium without apparent toxicity to ticks. Comparative results show that for maintaining colonies ofO. moubata artificial feeding techniques can be as efficient as direct feeding on swine—the primary hosts of these argasids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02359657
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The multiplication of Main Drain Virus in two species ofCulicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) (1974)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 46 (1974), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Main Drain virus multiplied in specimens ofCulicoides variipennis andC. nubeculosus after intrathoracic inoculation and after oral ingestion. The titre of the virus ingested seemed to make little difference to the maximum titre attained in individual flies. Both species of midge transmitted virus during biting activity after 16 days incubation at 26° C. In view of these results it is suggested thatC. variipennis andC. nubeculosus can act as biological vectors of Main Drain virus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240210
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of a silicone membrane feeding technique in the laboratory maintenance of a colony ofOrnithodoros moubata (1985)
    Springer
    Tropical animal health and production 17 (1985), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7438
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé DesOrnithodoros moubata adultes d'une colonie de laboratoire ont été nourris sur des souris-hôtes ou à travers des membranes naturelles ou artificielles sur du sang de porc. Le taux de gorgement et son efficacité tel qu'évalués par le taux de fécondité est significativement supérieur quand on utilise des membranes plutôt que des souris vivantes. Les membranes artificielles de silicone présentent des avantages majeurs à la fois de commodité et d'économie par rapport aux autres sortes de membranes pour l'élevage des colonies de tiques molles.
    Abstract: Resumen Se alimentaron garrapatas adultasOrnithodoros moubata en una colonia de laboratorio, en ratones y a través de una membrana artificial con sangre porcina. La rata de alimentación y la eficiencia de la misma, evaluada mediante fecundidad de los ácaros, fue superior cuando se alimentaron a través de la membrana artificial. Las membranas de silicona, ofrecen mayores venajas operacionales y económicas, sobre otras alternativas, para alimentar garrapatas blandas en colonias.
    Notes: Summary AdultOrnithodoros moubata from a laboratory colony were fed on mice or through natural or artificial membranes on pig blood. The rate of feeding and its efficiency as assessed by fecundity were markedly superior when membranes rather than live mice were used. Artificial silicone membranes offer major advantages of both convenience and economy over alternative membranes in the maintenance of soft tick colonies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02356130
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biting flies attacking cattle in the dhofar province of the Sultanate of Oman (1978)
    Springer
    Tropical animal health and production 10 (1978), S. 167-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7438
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02235332
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The growth of African horse-sickness virus in embryonated hen eggs and the transmission of virus byCulicoides variipennis Coquillett (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 47 (1975), S. 343-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seven-day-old embryonated hen eggs were infected with African Horse Sickness virus by the yolk sac and intravenous routes. Virus reached a high titre in the blood of infected embryos.Culicoides variipennis midges which took a blood meal from infected eggs became infected with virus, and after 7 days at 26°–27° C transmitted African Horse Sickness virus to uninfected eggs.C. variipennis may therefore be considered a biological vector of African Horse Sickness virus in the laboratory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01347975
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The multiplication of African horse-sickness virus in two species ofCulicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 47 (1975), S. 351-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Type 9 African horse-sickness virus multiplied to a high titre in bothCulicoides nubeculosus andC. variipennis after intrathoracic inoculation and inC. variipennis after oral ingestion. The orally infectedC. variipennis were able to transmit the virus by biting after 13 days incubation at 26° C but not after 6 days incubation. Intrathoracically inoculatedC. variipennis were able to transmit the virus after 4 days incubation. It is suggested thatC. variipennis can act as a biological vector of African horse-sickness virus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01347976
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laboratory infection of the mosquito,Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Diptera, Culicidae), with bluetongue virus (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 79 (1984), S. 79-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The use ofToxorhynchites brevipalpis as a system for the propagation and isolation of bluetongue virus (BTV) was investigated. BTV was found to multiply inT. brevipalpis after infection by intrathoracic inoculation. Virus concentrations of up to 6.9 log10 TCID50 per mosquito were found within 7 days of infection and were maintained for at least 6 days. Virus could be detected by an indirect fluorescent antibody test applied to head and thorax tissue smears. These results are comparable to those obtained after inoculation ofCulicoides variipennis with the same virus. Comparison ofT. brevipalpis and baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells as systems for isolation of BTV showed that there was little difference in sensitivity between the two systems for the stock BTV used. Field samples were not available for test. It was concluded that the use ofT. brevipalpis as an isolation system for BTV would have no apparent advantage if BHK cells were available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01314305
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in the responses of Culicoides variipennis (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) to oral infection with bluetongue virus (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 95 (1987), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The infection rate of an established colony ofCulicoides variipennis to oral infection with bluetongue virus (BTV) type 4 was found to be highly variable and ranged from 0 to 51.6 per cent. This type of wide variation has previously only been reported to occur between individual populations of a species and not between samples from a single population. This must be taken into account when such colonies are used as reference standards for interpretation of field and laboratory data, particularly relating to studies of vector efficiency. Study of the response of individual susceptibleC. variipennis to BTV infection demonstrated considerable variation in the level of virus multiplication that individual females are able to support. Virus concentrations varied from less than 1.1 to 5.1 log10 TCID50/fly up to 10 days post infection. 43.6 per cent of females contained less than 2.5 log10 TCID50 virus. It is suggested that such insects would have a mesenteron escape barrier to infection and would be incapable of transmitting BTV. The implications of these results for vector research are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01310778
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