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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The process of weaning in hanuman langursPresbytis entellus entellus (1991)
    Springer
    Primates 32 (1991), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Weaning ; Presbytis entellus ; Juvenile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twelve langur infants (seven males and five females) of three focal bisexual unimale troops of Hanuman langurs,Presbytis entellus entellus living near Kailana, Jodhpur, Rajasthan (India) were observed for their weaning behaviour. Weaning starts between 7.0 to 10.0 months of age, average 8.6 months. The process of weaning lasts between 3.2 to 5.6 months, average 4.2 months. A 13-month-old infant is fully weaned. Infants are independent at this age. Male infants are weaned earlier compared to females. Males react to their mothers' rejections more fearlessly and are more vocal compared to females. By and large, infants were found in stress during this period as their mothers are often very harsh, hostile, punitive, and indifferent to their infants. By severing ties with their infants, mothers serve dual purpose of allowing their infants to become independent and may be to become ready to bear offspring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381178
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the dynamics of the hanuman langur populations of jodhpur (Rajasthan, India) (1981)
    Springer
    Primates 22 (1981), S. 182-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The city of Jodhpur (26°18′N, 73°8′E) supports a population of about 900 hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) divided into 24 bisexual troops and 12 all-male bands in an area of 60 km2. This population has been censused from 1968 to 1978. Over this period the population of bisexual troops has remained stable around 700, while the population of all-male bands has increased from 160 to 230 individuals. The bisexual troops show a tendency towards a reduction in population growth rate with increasing troop size, with troops over 50–60 tending to split. Very small troops may grow by large scale immigration. Although a number of male changes and mortality through infanticide have been recorded, there is no evidence of a regular periodicity in the occurrence of initial, growth and mature phases in the life history of a bisexual troop. Unlike the bisexual troops, the all-male bands show no tendency towards a reduction in growth rate with the increase in band size, but show a continuous growth of band size over the study period. Langurs of Jodhpur rely heavily on cultivated fields for their sustenance. This cultivation has been on increase over the study period, and since the males invade cultivation more readily, they may have been able to take fuller advantage of these increasing resources and affect a population increase that has not been possible for the bisexual troops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382609
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abortions in free ranging Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) — a male induced strategy? (1988)
    Springer
    Human evolution 3 (1988), S. 297-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1824-310X
    Keywords: Presbytis entellus ; Reproductive strategies ; Abortion ; Infanticide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During a 10-year long term study, 6 eye-witnessed and 1 pressumed cases of abortions occurred in 3 one-male bisexual troops of free ranging langurs (Presbytis entellus) near Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. The age of the unborns varied from 35 to about 200 days. The subsequent birth interval ranged between 7.1–21.1 months. 2 miscarriages occurred during stable periods of residency of a single male. 5 cases occurred prior to or after infanticide in connection with male changes. In one case a female was attacked by the new male before she aborted. In one case a female presumably aborted after attacks on her semiweaned infant. Most of the reproductive losses hence seem to be related to psychical and physical stress exerted by new males on pregnant females. As part of their reproductive strategy, males reduce their waiting time to insemination in this way. Abortions may likewise represent an adaptive reproductive strategy of females, who prefer to abort instead of investing in a foetus which is likely to be killed after birth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02435859
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fate of ousted male residents of one-male bisexual troops of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India (1988)
    Springer
    Human evolution 3 (1988), S. 309-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1824-310X
    Keywords: Presbytis entellus ; male residents ; inale bands ; ousted residents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Little is known about the fate of adult male residents after they are ousted from bisexual one-male troops of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) in the course of adult male replacements. In a long term study at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, it was possible to reconstruct partial life histories of several ousted residents. One resident was killed during the male change. Ousted residents did not regain residency despite their continued invasions into bisexual troops. It is assumed that the males' chances to take over and to defend a troop are restricted to an age of 9–14 years, when the males are in prime physical condition. One male became solitary for some months while trying to regain residency of his old troop, before joining some “alien” males. As a rule, males are likely to rejoin their own male bands if they are ousted after short periods of residency. If the residency exceeds 3 months then the ongoing structural change in the former band may prevent their reintegration. However, in such cases, ousted residents which belonged to the same band may reunite and mingle with another male band which lacks prime males. Weaned sons may follow their fathers after ousting. In the case of numerous weaned offspring, fathers and sons may together form at least temporary new male bands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02435860
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infanticide and juvenilicide in Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) around Jodhpur, India (1988)
    Springer
    Human evolution 3 (1988), S. 279-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1824-310X
    Keywords: Infanticide ; Juvenilicide ; Langur ; Jodhpur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ten cases of infant killings and 2 cases of juvenile killings were observed in two troops of Hanuman langurs, (Presbytis entellus) around Jodhpur, India. Fatal attacks on infants and juveniles are classified into four categories. The process of infanticide was observed from start to end and is described in detail for 3 cases. The age of the victims ranged from 0.2 to 48 months. The interbirth interval among females whose infants were killed is significantly shorter compared to females whose infants survived. In ourt study, 7 cases support the reproductive advantage hypothesis, that infanticide is an adaptive behaviour to increase male reproductive success. The remaining 5 cases do not fit into the reproductive advantage hypothesis. In these cases, victims are over 8 months old, and as such their deaths could not shorten the interbirth interval. It appears that by killing older infants and juveniles the males obtain an advantage in resource competition for their offspring. An alternative is that new males chase or peripheralise the older infants and juveniles, which leads to 97% predominant uni-male troop structure in Jodhpur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02435858
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New observations on infanticides among hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) near Jodhpur (Rajasthan/India) (1985)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 16 (1985), S. 245-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Six eye-witness and five inferred cases of infanticide in two troops of Presbytis entellus near Jodhpur, India, are presented. These observations are used to test the hypothesis thatinfant killing is a male reproductive strategy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310987
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and Conservation of Slender Lorises (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus) in Southern Andhra Pradesh, South India (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of primatology 21 (2000), S. 721-730 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus ; Andhra Pradesh ; South India ; conservation ; Eastern Ghats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Slender lorises live in forests of southern India and Sri Lanka. Little is known about their distribution patterns and relative densities. We report the results of a survey conducted in 6 forest divisions in the southern parts of the state of Andhra Pradesh, South India. Relatively high densities of lorises occurred in mixed deciduous forests and in adjoining farm lands interspersed with trees. Three distinct populations inhabit the study area. We recommend conservation measures for Loris tardigradus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005573506489
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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