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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of ethanol and of noise on reaction time in the monkey: Variation with stimulus level (1980)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 69 (1980), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Alcohol ; Ethanol ; Reaction time ; Latency ; Rhesus monkeys ; Noise ; Stimulus level ; Stimulus intensity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To determine whether the latency-increasing effects of ethanol were differential with respect to the intensity of the stimulus that initiated the response, three rhesus monkeys were trained on a behavioral task in which the latency of a simple motor response was measured following the onset of a pure tone stimulus. Following training, the animals were tested at a number of different tone intensities and functions relating latency to tone intensity were constructed. When these were stable, the animals were given ethanol in doses of 1.0–2.5 g/kg and the effects on response latencies to different tone intensities were determined. It was found that, for all except the lowest stimulus levels, the effect of ethanol was dose-related, while for a given dose the effect was equal across intensity. These results indicate that the effects of ethanol in this situation are on response execution rather than stimulus detection. The effects of ethanol were compared to those of exposure to high intensity noise. This treatment, which affects primarily the inner ear, resulted in substantial increases in latency to low intensity tones, but little, if any, shift at high intensities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00426520
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of rainfall on the use of foliar analysis for diagnosing boron toxicity in field-grown wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 311-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: boron toxicity ; diagnosis ; foliar analysis ; mineral nutrition ; nutrient leaching ; rain ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of rain on foliage elemental composition, especially B, was assessed using samples of wheat collected at three harvests from a field trial conducted in soil containing excessive levels of B. Moderate rainfall substantially decreased both the B concentration and content of whole shoots and young leaves. The change in B concentration due to rain suggests that foliar analysis is unreliable for diagnosing B toxicity. For the other elements examined (Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mg, P, S, Zn), rainfall had little effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010608
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrocochleography and experimentally induced loudness recruitment (1979)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 224 (1979), S. 241-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Loudness recruitment ; Electrocochleography ; Acoustic trauma ; Action potentials ; Monkeys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship between changes in loudness and the cochlear whole-nerve potential following experimentally produced deafness was studied in an animal model. Reaction time of a subject's response to an auditory stimulus has been shown to be an index of loudness in human experiments and has been adapted to nonhuman primates. In a series of experiments, four macaque monkeys were operantly conditioned to respond to 8-kHz tones over a range of 0–80 dB SPL, and their reaction times to pure tone stimuli were measured. Whole-nerve cochlear action potentials were recorded from chronic inner-ear electrodes. The relationship between behavioral and electrical measures of loudness recruitment were examined in animals with both temporary and permanent noise-induced hearing loss. Loudness recruitment was demonstrated experimentally after a 1-h exposure to a high-intensity 8-kHz octave band of noise. Excellent agreement was observed between the reaction time function and the action potential input-output function at intervals of 0.5, 12, 24, 48, and 84 h after exposure. Permanent hearing loss was produced in some of these animals by a much longer duration of exposure to the 8-kHz octave band of noise. Recruitment was observed in both the behavioral and the electrical measures. Histological studies of these damaged cochleas revealed primarily outer hair cell destruction, with a relative sparing of inner hair cells and nerve supply. The findings of this study are interpreted as strong support for the clinical electrocochleogram as an objective indicator of the presence of loudness recruitment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01108782
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hearing loss and cochlear pathology in the monkey (Macaca) following exposure to high levels of noise (1978)
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 220 (1978), S. 47-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Noise-induced hearing loss ; Acoustic trauma ; Monkeys ; TTS ; PTS ; Octave-band noise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eight Old World monkeys were exposed 8 h daily for 20 days to octave-band noise having center frequencies from 0.5–8 kHz at levels of 117–120 dB SPL. Two additional animals received exposures to wide-band, 120-dB SPL noise on the same schedule, and one animal was exposed to the 2-kHz octave band for 40 h continuously. Behavioral audiograms were measured throughout exposure and during a 1-month recovery period. Following recovery, the animals were sacrificed and their ears examined histologically. Monaural audiograms are presented showing initial and final TTS and PTS measured at the end of the recovery period. These are compared with complete cytocochleograms for each ear. Hair cell loss was generally restricted to the outer rows, and was reasonably well correlated with pattern of hearing loss. Some cell loss, including inner hair cells, was found in the extreme basal turn, usually without associated high-frequency hearing loss. The relationships between exposure frequency, hearing loss, and locus of cochlear pathology are discussed, as are changes in TTS during exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00456301
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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