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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 128 (1978), S. 213-226 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Coding of auditory signals in the entire ventral-cord pathway of the migratory locust,Locusta migratoria, has been studied by extracellular recording of the responses of ascending neurons. In order to exclude errors due to variation in the responses of neurons of a given type among different individuals, an effort was made to record succesively from the greatest possible number of single cells at each station in each animal. Neurons of one type tested in different animals gave very similar responses; this suggests that there is also little interindividual variation among neurons of other types. Thus the various neurons of these animals can be compared for analysis. Apart from the responses to the standard artificial sound (white noise, 20 ms duration, 2/s repetition rate), responses to simulated conspecific songs received the greatest attention. The coding of individual parameters is described, with the intensity of artificial sound stimuli as an example. Taken together, all the neuronal responses in an animal permit discrimination of white noise bursts differing in intensity by as little as 10 dB. Responses to the conspecific song and simulations of it are often not directly comparable with those to simple white-noise bursts. The temporal structure of the conspecific song has a considerable effect on neuronal response. All the important temporal parameters—syllable duration, syllable rate, verse duration, verse rate—are reflected in the overall neuronal response. Thus all this information is available for further analysis in higher centers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Auditory neurons ascending to the supraesophageal ganglion from the ventral cord of the migratory locust,Locusta migratoria, were examined for alterations in the spike response during conduction in the axons. In each experiment the responses of a given neuron were recorded, with glass microcapillaries, in succession at different stations in the central nervous system. The responses were evaluated and compared by computer analysis. 1. The impulses in the auditory ventral-cord neurons pass unchanged along the main axon trunk, from the mesothoracic ganglion to the supraesophageal ganglion. Neither temporal pattern nor magnitude (impulses/stimulus) of the response is altered. 2. The responses of neurons of a given type are the same on the left and right sides of an animal. 3. The head ganglia exert no influence upon the response or its conduction in the G, B and C neurons. 4. At the points where the axons branch, various time-dependent “filtering processes” can appear, which cause the activity conducted in the side branches to differ from that in the axon trunk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 116 (1975), S. 297-307 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The diurnal rhythm of activity ofMergus albellus is characterized by a regular alteration of diving and non-diving periods. The length of diving periods averaged 10,8 minutes, the length of non-diving periods 12, 9 minutes. This regular change of the activity pattern is probably based on an endogenous rhythm. In the non-diving period (interval between two diving periods)Mergus albellus showed the following patterns of activity: preening (after each diving period), swimming (the dominant pattern during this time) and (sometimes) courting. Some courtship behaviour could be observed during the entire diurnal rhythm of activity, however, it occurred in a regular fashion only at the beginning and the end of the diurnal rhythm of activity. The intensity of courtship behaviour primarily seemed to depend upon the number of males in courtshipping groups. The beginning and end of the diurnal activity depended upon light intensity (lux value), i. e. they were based on an exogenous factor. The beginning takes place at lower light intensities than the end of the activity. Thus, the rhythm of activity ofMergus albellus corresponds to the rule 1 a bySchoff &Wever (1962). The variability of lux values marking the beginning and end of activity is lower in the morning than in the evening; i. e.Mergus albellus also corresponds to the rule 4 byAschoff &Wever (1962). The rhythm of activity ofMergus albellus seems to be influenced also by the length of day. Under “short day conditions” diving activity began before sunrise and ended after sunset, under “long day conditions”, however, it started after sunrise and ended long before sunset.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der diurnale Aktivitätsrhythmus vonMergus albellus zeigt einen ständigen Wechsel von Tauchphasen und Tauchintervallen. Die mittlere Tauchphase dauerte 10,8 min., das Tauchintervall 12,9 min. Diese regelmäßige Änderung des Aktivitätsmusters ist wahrscheinlich endogen bedingt. Während des Tauchintervalls zeigten die Zwergsäger folgende Verhaltensmuster: Putzen (obligatorisch nach einer Tauchphase), Ruheschwimmen (als dominierendes Verhaltensmuster) sowie (gelegentlich) intensives Balzverhalten. Balzverhalten wurde regelmäßig nur zu Beginn und Ende der diurnalen Aktivität beobachtet. Die Intensität der Balz schien primär vom Anteil der ♂ in den Trupps abhängig zu sein. Beginn und Ende der diurnalen Aktivität sind von der Beleuchtungsstärke abhängig. Der Aktivitätsbeginn erfolgte bei geringeren Lichtwerten als das Aktivitätsende.Mergus albellus entspricht somit in seinem Aktivitätsverhalten der Regel 1 a vonAschoff &Wever (1962). Die Streuung der Lux-Werte, die Aktivitätsbeginn und -ende markieren, war am Morgen geringer als am Abend, d. h., daß auf den Zwergsäger auch die Regel 4 vonAschoff &Wever (1962) zutrifft. Die Tageslänge beeinflußt offenbar gleichfalls das Aktivitätsverhalten der Zwergsäger. Unter „Kurztagbedingungen“ begann die Tauchaktivität vor Sonnenaufgang und endete nach Sonnenuntergang, unter „Langtagbedingungen“ begann sie hingegen zumeist deutlich nach Sonnenaufgang und endete lange vor Sonnenuntergang.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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