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  • 1
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] In nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, β–cell reactive T–helper type 1 (Th1) responses develop spontaneously and gradually spread, creating a cascade of responses that ultimately destroys the β–cells. The diversity of the autoreactive T–cell repertoire creates a major ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 266 (1977), S. 742-744 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] An increase in the concentration of serum insulin after a VMH lesion is among the earliest observed changes7,8, and occurs even when the food intake is limited and the increase in body weight is prevented9'10. If the increase in insulin is inhibited by destroying the ft cells in the pancreas which ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of surgery 8 (1984), S. 152-157 
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le pancréas foetal est utilisé comme organe donneur pour le traitement du diabète chez le rat et est actuellement testé chez le cochon miniature. Un pancréas foetal greffé sous la capsule rénale d'un rat rendu diabétique croît et se différencie suffisamment pour faire régresser complètement le diabète induit par la streptozotocine; le contenu en insuline du pancréas foetal atteint 20 à 25% de celui d'un organe adulte normal. C'est en milieu normoglycémique que la croissance et la différenciation du pancréas foetal sont le plus complètes. La cryoconservation assure une survie de la quasi-totalité du pancréas et laisse un temps suffisant pour le typage sanguin et tissulaire et les tests de compatibilité des lymphocytes du donneur et du receveur en culture mixte de lymphocytes. Ces méthodes sont en cours d'élaboration pour les tissus humains. L'exérèse du pancréas foetal et sa greffe avant la période critique du développement exocrine (18 jours chez le rat, 55 chez le porc) provoque l'atrophie des éléments exocrines et il en résulte un organe purement endocrine, ce qui résoud le problème des enzymes des sécrétions exocrines. C'est le drainage portal de l'insuline du greffon qui donne le meilleur résultat lorsque la production d'insuline est limitée. Les paramètres métaboliques des rats diabétiques transplantés avec succès reviennent complètement à la normale; en particulier la glycémie et l'insulinémie et leur réponse aux stimuli, les activités de 6 enzymes hépatiques, les taux de glucagon et leur réponse à la stimulation par l'arginine et le métabolisme du glucose pendant et après une grossesse. Parmi les méthodes utilisées pour prévenir le rejet, et qui toutes ont montré une efficacité partielle, figurent le prétraitement du foie du donneur et l'immunosuppression, l'irradiation lymphoïde totale associée à la moëlle osseuse de donneur, et le traitement de l'organe donneur pour éliminer les cellules immunitaires par digestion et mise en culture. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour mettre au point une méthode efficace et sûre de prévention du rejet des hétérogreffes chez le porc miniature avant l'application au diabète humain.
    Abstract: Resumen El uso del páncreas fetal como órgano donante en el tratamiento de la diabetes ha sido explorado en la rata y actualmente está siendo ensayado en cerdos. El crecimiento y desarrollo del páncreas fetal colocado bajo la cápsula del riñón de una rata diabética son suficientes para revertir en forma completa la diabetes inducida por estreptozotocina; el órgano así transplantado exhibe un 20–25% del contenido de insulina de un páncreas adulto normal. El páncreas fetal se desarrolla al máximo en un ambiente normoglicémico. La criopreservación resulta en supervivencia casi completa del páncreas y representa ganancia de tiempo para la tipificación tisular y sanguínea y para realizar pruebas de compatibilidad de los linfocitos donantes y recipientes mediante la Reacción de Linfocitos Mixtos. Estos métodos han sido desarrollados en sistemas humanos. La excisión del pancreas del feto y su transplante antes del período crítico de desarrollo exocrino (18 días en la rata, 55 en el cerdo) produce atrofia de los elementos exocrinos y da como resultado un órgano endocrino puro, lo cual elimina el problema de la enzimas exocrinas. El drenaje venoso de la insulina que secreta el páncreas transplantado hacia el hígado hace posible la más efectiva respuesta en condiciones en las cuales la provisión de insulina es limitada. Estudios metabólicos en ratas exitosamente trasplantadas indican la reversión completa de la diabetes a un estado normal. Tales estudios incluyen niveles de glucosa y de insulina sanguínea y su respuesta a estímulos, niveles de actividad de 6 enzimas en el hígado, niveles de glucagón y su respuesta a estimulación con arginina y el metabolismo de glucosa durante y después del embarazo. Los métodos utilizados para prevenir el rechazo, los cuales son parcialmente efectivos, incluyen el pretratamiento con inyecciones intravenosas de extracto de hígado adulto donante e inmunosupresión a corto término, la irradiación linfocítica total combinada con inyección de médula ósea adulta donante y el tratamiento del órgano donante, o sea el páncreas fetal, por medio de la digestión y el cultivo para eliminar las células inmunes. Se requiere realizar investigación adicional para el desarrollo de un método efectivo y seguro que logre prevenir el rechazo del alotransplante en el cerdo antes de su aplicación a diabéticos humanos.
    Notes: Abstract The use of the fetal pancreas as a donor organ for the treatment of diabetes has been explored in the rat and currently is being tried in minipigs. Growth and development of a fetal pancreas under the kidney capsule of a diabetic rat is sufficient to completely reverse streptozotocin diabetes; the organ contains 20–25% of the insulin content of a normal adult pancreas. The fetal pancreas grows and develops most fully in normoglycemic environment. Cryopreservation results in nearly complete survival of the pancreas and provides time for tissue and blood typing and testing for compatibility of donor and recipient lymphocytes using the Mixed Leucocyte Reaction. These methods have been developed in human systems. Removal of the pancreas from the fetus and transplantation prior to a critical period of exocrine development (18 days in the rat, 55 in the pig) are followed by atrophy of exocrine elements and a pure endocrine organ results. This obviates the problem of exocrine enzymes. Venous drainage of insulin from the transplanted pancreas into the liver provides the most effective response when the supply of insulin is limited. Metabolic studies in successfully-transplanted rats indicate complete reversal of the diabetic state to normal. These include blood glucose and insulin levels and responses to stimuli, the activity levels of 6 enzymes in the liver, glucagon levels, and the response to arginine stimulation and glucose metabolism during and after pregnancy. Methods that have been used to prevent rejection, all of which have been partially effective, include donor liver pretreatment and short-term immunosuppression, total lymphoid irradiation combined with donor bone marrow, and treatment of the donor organ to eliminate immune cells by digestion and culture. Additional research will be required to develop an effective and safe method for prevention of allograft rejection in the minipig prior to application to diabetic humans.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery 7 (2000), S. 347-357 
    ISSN: 1436-0691
    Keywords: Key words Pancreatic islets ; Immunoisolation ; Transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This review summarizes the recent results of immunoioslated islet allo- and xenotransplants, especially in large animal species, and presents certain issues that would be important for the advancement of this technology toward clinical application. To date, the best results have been obtained with alginate microcapsules in both allo- and xenogeneic (porcine) islet transplantation in the spontaneously diabetic dogs and monkeys. Reversal of diabetes was also achieved in mice with cryopreserved, microencapsulated rat islets. However, results with these microcapsules have been highly variable and inconsistent from one laboratory to another. The causes of these discrepancies are multiple, but not totally understood. Immunoisolation devices have been investigated as an alternate approach to house a large number of islets in a space constructed by membranes of a defined pore size. Vascularized bioartificial devices were among the few cases that obtained long-term allo- and xenogeneic islet survival in totally pancreatectomized dogs. Thrombosis and associated problems were the major cause of failure with these devices. Diffusion chambers that have no vascular connection have been tested successfully in rodents, but no report has been available in large animal species. We have learned many important lessons and made considerable progress in islet immunoisolation. However, immunoisolated islet transplants have been only minimally successful in large animal models, and such technologies must be improved to achieve consistent success in large animal models prior to clinical trials. This will requires strict quality control of the islets, the membrane material, and the device construction. The membrane pore size that allows the permeation of molecules necessary for islet survival and function also permits the entry of cytokines, oxygen-radicals, and other small-size inflammatory products. Thus, the key to success appears to be to minimize inflammatory reactions generated by immuneisolation devices/capsules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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