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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 91 (1974), S. 33-51 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary As part of a study of the stomatogastric nervous system in the spiny lobsterPanulirus interruptus, the neural circuitry underlying movements of the medial tooth of the gastric mill was examined. These movements consist of a cyclic forward and backward motion which, together with opening and closing of the lateral teeth, chew the food which the animal has in its stomach. When the stomatogastric nervous system is isolated, the pattern of activity in the motor roots which supply the medial tooth muscles consists of alternate bursts in antagonist neurons. The timing of these bursts in the isolated system is approximately the same as that seen in intact lobsters. The neural circuitry responsible for producing these alternate bursts consists of two interneurons and six motor neurons, all located in the stomatogastric ganglion. Four electrotonically coupled GM neurons fire together and activate muscles which pull the medial tooth forward. Firing in the GM neurons alternates with firing in two other motor neurons, DGN which innervates muscles which pull the medial tooth backward, and the AMN which innervates muscles which constrict the cardiac sac. These latter two neurons are also electrotonically coupled and usually fire together. The interneurons interact with these antagonistic groups in a way which provides periodic excitatory drive to one group while inhibiting the other and so causes alternation between them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 91 (1974), S. 1-32 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Stomatogastric ganglion ofPanulirus interruptus contains about 30 neurons, and controls the movements of the lobster's stomach. When experimentally isolated, the ganglion continues to generate complex rhythmic patterns of activity in its motor neurons which are similar to those seen in intact animals. In this paper, we describe the synaptic organization of a group of six neurons which drive the stomach's lateral teeth (Figs. 2, 6). This group includes four motor neurons and two interneurons, all but one of which were recorded and stimulated with intracellular microelectrodes. One pair of synergistic motor neurons, LGN and MGN, are electrotonically coupled and reciprocally inhibitory (Figs. 9, 12). A second pair of synergistic motor neurons, the LPGNs, are antagonists of LGN and MGN. The LPGNs are electrotonically coupled (Fig. 14), and are both inhibited by LGN and MGN (Figs. 8, 11). The LPGNs inhibit MGN (Fig. 15) but not LGN. One of the two interneurons in the ganglion, Int 1, reciprocally inhibits both LGN and MGN (Figs. 10, 13). The other interneuron, Int 2, excites Int 1 and inhibits the LPGNs (Fig. 16). The synaptic connections observed in the ganglion are reflected in the spontaneous activity recorded from the isolated ganglion and from intact animals. From the known synaptic organization and observations on the physiological properties of each of the neurons, we have formulated some hypotheses about the pattern-generating mechanism. We found no evidence that any of the neurons are endogenous bursters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 91 (1974), S. 53-78 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurons of the gastric system form two discrete subsets which drive the median and lateral teeth of the gastric mill. These two subsets can each produce alternating contractions of antagonistic muscles when the other subset is not active, but whenever the two are active simultaneously their motor patterns are coordinated. This coordination is produced by synaptic connections between motor neurons in the two subsets, and by the interneurons common to both subsets. One of the neurons driving the lateral teeth, LGN, inhibits several of the neurons driving the medial tooth—DGN (Fig. 1) and each of the GMs. LGN and the GMs are also electrotonically coupled (Fig. 2). The GMs are electrotonically coupled to all the motor neurons of the lateral teeth subset (Figs. 2, 3, and 9). These synaptic connections are reflected in the spontaneous motor patterns generated by the ganglion. In addition, there are several interactions (Figs. 4–8 and 11b) which may not be the products of direct synaptic connections which nonetheless have been demonstrated experimentally and are reflected in the spontaneous motor patterns (Figs. 14–17). Two hypothesis about the mechanism generating one of the two types of motor patterns observed are proposed. One uses observations of synaptic depression at particular synapses to explain overlapping bursts of reciprocally inhibitory neurons. The other draws on observations of accommodation and postinhibitory rebound to explain how the repetition rate of the pattern might be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 64 (1969), S. 243-253 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die mesothorakalen Beine veranlassen den Hauptstoß für den Sprung zu Beginn des Fluges. Jedoch können Calliphora vicina auch ohne mesothorakale Beine noch springen. Sie springen nicht so gut wie Fliegen, denen nur die metathorakalen Beine fehlen; jedoch springen amputierte niemals so gut wie unversehrte Tiere. 2. Die tergotrochanteralen Muskeln von C. vicina sind die Hauptstreckmuskeln der mesothorakalen Beine und werden von je einem Motoneuron innerviert (Abb. 1). Diese Motoneurone werden von einem Paar Interneuronen angetrieben, die im Gehirn beginnen, in das Cervicalkonnektiv übergehen und mit den Motoneuronen im Thorax eine Synapse bilden (Abb. 2, 3B, 3C). Die Interneuronen können in den Sehlappen des Gehirns elektrisch gereizt werden (Abb. 3A). So wie die tergotrochanteralen Motoneurone sind diese Interneurone homolog zu den Riesenfasern, die von Power beschrieben worden sind (1948). 3. Dieselben Interneurone innervieren die Motoneurone der Streckmuskeln der metathorakalen Beine (Abb. 2) und vielleicht noch andere Einheiten. Die wirklich beteiligten Muskeln wurden noch nicht festgestellt. 4. Die Innervation der tergotrochanteralen Muskeln und das Beobachten der Springfähigkeit von Fliegen, denen verschiedene Beine fehlen, unterstützen die Annahme, daß diese Muskeln der Starter für den Flugmotor sind.
    Notes: Summary 1. The mesothoracic legs provide the major thrust for the jump which occurs at the beginning of flight. However, Calliphora vicina missing their mesothoracic legs can still jump. They do not jump as well as flies missing only the metathoracic legs, and neither class of amputees jumps as well as intact animals. 2. The tergotrochanteral muscles of C. vicina are the principle extensors of the mesothoracic legs, and are innervated by one motor neuron each (Fig. 1). These motor neurons are driven by a pair of interneurons, which originate in the supraoesophageal ganglion and descend through the cervical nerve cord to synapse with the motor neurons in the thorax (Figs. 2, 3B, 3C). These interneurons can be stimulated electrically in the optic lobes of the brain (Fig. 3A). Together with the tergotrochanteral motor neurons, these interneurons are homologous with the giant fibers described by Power (1948). 3. These same interneurons innervate motor neurons of extensors of the metathoracic legs (Fig. 2), and perhaps other units. The actual muscles involved have not been identified. 4. The innervation of the tergotrochanteral muscles and the observations on the jumping ability of flies missing various legs support the idea that these muscles are the main starter of the flight motor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 301 (1983), S. 740-740 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Neurobiology of the Leech invites immediate comparison with two classics: T.H. Huxley's The Crayfish and Eric Kandel's The Cellular Basis of Behaviour. All three treat a particular animal as an entry to a broad consideration of biological problems at several levels of analysis, including the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 122 (1977), S. 227-240 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three direct synaptic connections occur between neurons in the gastric and pyloric systems of the stomatogastric ganglion ofPanulirus interruptus. Two synapses are inhibitory, and one is electrical. This electrical synapse is both excitatory and inhibitory at different times. These synapses, and others within each system, let the two systems interact under some conditions. The synapses also form multisynaptic pathways which modulate the firing of many neurons in both systems. The consequences of these multisynaptic pathways are described and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 158 (1986), S. 215-224 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In crayfish,Pacifastacus leniusculus, abdominal ganglia that can generate the motor pattern normally associated with swimmeret beating continue to do so when the number of connected ganglia is reduced from six to two. The period and phase of the rhythm produced by these shortened chains of ganglia are the same as those produced by the full abdominal nerve cord. These results demonstrate that interactions between any two neighboring ganglia suffice to establish the metachronal phase-lag characteristic of the swimmeret rhythm. Several kinds of interganglionic interneurons that are part of the swimmeret system originate in each abdominal ganglion. These premotor interneurons receive synaptic input in the ganglion of origin and project to other ganglia. Axons from interganglionic neurons also terminate in each ganglion, and some of these terminals receive PSPs from the swimmeret pattern generators in the ganglion where they terminate. Currents injected into these interneurons and axon terminals can reset the swimmeret rhythm. These results demonstrate that premotor interganglionic interneurons exist that have the properties required to coordinate adjacent ganglia. The structures and physiological properties of these interneurons are described and discussed in the context of Stein's model of intersegmental coordination in the swimmeret system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of computational neuroscience 4 (1997), S. 151-160 
    ISSN: 1573-6873
    Keywords: locomotion ; central pattern generator ; oscillators ; mathematical models ; crayfish swimmerets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Rhythmic movements of crayfish swimmerets are coordinated by a neural circuit that links their four abdominal ganglia. Each swimmeret is driven by its own small local circuit, or pattern-generating module. We modeled this networkas a chain of four oscillators, bidirectionally coupled to their nearest neighbors, and tested the model‘s ability to reproduce experimentally observed changes in intersegmental phases and in period caused by differential excitation of selected abdominal ganglia. The choices needed to match the experimental data lead to the followingpredictions: coupling between ganglia is asymmetric; the ascending and descending coupling have approximately equal strengths; intersegmental coupling does not significantly affect the frequency of the system; and excitation affects the intrinsic frequencies of the oscillators and might also change properties ofintersegmental coupling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stomatogastric ganglion ; Interneuron ; Crustacea ; Histamine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pacifastacus leniusculus (Crustacea) ; Homarus americanus (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We used a polyclonal antiserum against histamine to map histaminelike immunoreactivity (HLI) in whole mounts of the segmental ganglia and stomatogastric ganglion of crayfish and lobster. Carbodiimide fixation permitted both HRP-conjugated and FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies to be used effectively to visualize HLI in these whole mounts. Two interneurons that send axons through the inferior ventricular nerve (ivn) and the stomatogastric nerve to the stomatogastric ganglion had strong HLI, both in crayfish and in lobster. These ivn interneurons were known from other evidence to be histaminergic. The neuropil of the stomatogastric ganglion in both crayfish and lobster contained brightly labeled terminals of axons that entered the ganglion from the stomatogastric nerve. No neuronal cell bodies in this ganglion had HLI. Each segmental ganglion contained at least one pair of neurons with HLI. Some neurons in the subesophageal ganglion and in each thoracic ganglion labeled very brightly. Axons of projection interneurons with strong HLI occurred in the dorsal lateral tracts of each segmental ganglion, and sent branches to the lateral neuropils and tract neuropils of each ganglion. All the labeled neurons were interneurons; no HLI was observed in peripheral nerves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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