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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ephrin-B3–EphA4 interactions regulate the growth of specific thalamocortical axon populations in vitro (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 16 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The role was studied of ephrin-B3, a ligand of the Eph family of tyrosine kinase receptors, in the formation of cortical connectivity. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed that EphA4, a receptor of ephrin-B3, was expressed in the lateral thalamus (visual and somaotosensory thalamus) of the developing rat brain, but not in the medial thalamic nuclei which project to the limbic cortex. Correspondingly, ephrin-B3 was expressed strongly in the developing limbic cortex including amygdala, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. To examine the action of ephrin-B3 on thalamic axons, either lateral or medial thalamic explants were cultured on membranes obtained from ephrin-B3-expressing COS cells. Axonal growth was inhibited for cells from the lateral thalamus but not from the medial thalamus. These results suggest that ephrin-B3 contributes to regional specificity by suppressing axonal growth of lateral thalamic neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02166.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of a cis-acting element required for dendritic targeting of activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein mRNA (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 22 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The mRNA encoding activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) is known to be targeted to dendritic regions that have received strong synaptic inputs. However, the cis-acting elements in Arc mRNA that mediate dendritic targeting have not been identified. To identify the dendritic targeting element (DTE) in rat Arc mRNA, we expressed reporter mRNAs containing various regions of Arc in primary hippocampal neurones and analysed their subcellular distribution by in situ hybridization. Here, we report that the 3′-untranslated region of rat Arc mRNA contains a 350-nucleotide DTE with strong dendritic targeting activity and another 370-nucleotide sequence with weaker dendritic targeting activity. The 350-nucleotide DTE does not share any obvious sequence similarity with other known DTEs previously reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04508.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BDNF and NT-3 promote thalamocortical axon growth with distinct substrate and temporal dependency (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 19 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The role of neurotrophins in thalamic axon growth was studied by culturing embryonic rat thalamus on collagen-coated substrate or fixed cortical slices in the presence of either brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). Both BDNF and NT-3 promoted axonal growth, but the axonal growth-promoting activity depended on culture substrates. Axonal growth on collagen-coated membrane was accelerated by BDNF, but not by NT-3. In contrast, axonal outgrowth on fixed cortex was significantly enhanced by NT-3, but not by BDNF. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of cultured thalamic cells demonstrated that culture substrates did not alter the expression of their receptors, trkB and trkC. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining further demonstrated that axonal growth promoted by neurotrophins was not due to reduction of cell death. Measurement of the developmental changes in BDNF and NT-3 levels revealed that, in contrast to the rapid elevation of BDNF after the arrival of thalamocortical axons to their target layer, the regulation of NT-3 protein accompanies the phase of their outgrowth in neocortex. These findings suggest that BDNF and NT-3 promote thalamic axon growth in different manners in terms of substrate dependency and developmental stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03228.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MuSC is involved in regulating axonal fasciculation of mouse primary vestibular afferents (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 18 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Regulation of axonal fasciculation plays an important role in the precise patterning of neural circuits. Selective fasciculation contributes to the sorting of different types of axons and prevents the misrouting of axons. However, axons must defasciculate once they reach the target area. To study the regulation of fasciculation, we focused on the primary vestibulo-cerebellar afferents (PVAs), which show a dramatic change from fasciculated axon bundles to defasciculated individual axons at their target region, the cerebellar primordium. To understand how fasciculation and defasciculation are regulated in this system, we investigated the roles of murine SC1-related protein (MuSC), a molecule belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. We show: (i) by comparing 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Dil) labelling and anti-MuSC immunohistochemistry, that downregulation of MuSC in PVAs during development is concomitant with the defasciculation of PVA axons; (ii) in a binding assay with cells expressing MuSC, that MuSC has cell-adhesive activity via a homophilic binding mechanism, and this activity is increased by multimerization; and (iii) that MuSC also displays neurite outgrowth-promoting activity in vestibular ganglion cultures. These findings suggest that MuSC is involved in axonal fasciculation and its downregulation may help to initiate the defasciculation of PVAs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02968.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple Molecular Forms of Acetylcholine Receptors in Cultured Skeletal Muscle Cells: Subcellular Localization and Characterization (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 39 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Skeletal muscle cells of newborn rats, cultured in the absence of neuronal influence, were found to contain two types of cell surface acetylcholine receptors as demonstrated by isoelectric focusing. The isoelectric points of the two types of receptors were indistinguishable from those of junctional and extrajunctional types of receptors in mature animals. The cultured cells had two classes of intracellular α-bungarotoxin (αBT) binding components; one had the same sedimentation coefficient as that of surface receptors (9S), and the other had much smaller apparent molecular weights. Only a single major component was detected by isoelectric focusing analysis of the 9s intracellular aBT binding component, with a PI value close to that of the extra junctional receptor. These results suggest that the junctional and extrajunctional types of receptors may be synthesized through a common precursor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1982.tb11494.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low Density, but not High Density, C6 Glioma Cells Support Dorsal Root Ganglion and Sympathetic Ganglion Neurite Growth (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 6 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Accumulating evidence suggests that an inhibitory influence of the environment on growth cones plays a crucial role in development and regeneration of neuronal projections. Oligodendrocyte-associated neurite growth inhibiting substance is one of the most extensively studied molecules. Molecular biological studies, however, remain slow in progress. Although finding clonal cells that express such factors would facilitate the analysis of inhibitory influences on neurite growth, few cell lines have been reported to express neurite growth inhibitor. We therefore investigated the possibility of a clonal glial cell line to differentiate and express inhibitory or non-permissive features for neurite outgrowth in culture. We chose the C6 glioblastoma cell line and examined neurite extension from chick dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants. Neurites from embryonic day 9 DRG extensively grew on C6 cells that were cultured at low cell density, while they failed to grow on C6 cells cultured at high density, even in the presence of nerve growth factor in high concentrations. Membrane extract from high density C6 cells, when used as culture substratum, was less permissive for neurite outgrowth compared to extract from low density cells. Treatment of the membrane extract derived from high density C6 cells with trypsin made it less non-permissive for neurite growth. These results suggest that C6 cells are induced to express a non-permissive property for neurite outgrowth by culturing them at high density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1994.tb00326.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An electrophysiological study of a transient ipsilateral interpositorubral projection in neonatal cats (1993)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 92 (1993), S. 399-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Transient projection ; Synapse elimination ; Red nucleus ; Nucleus interpositus ; Intracellular recording ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We examined whether transient projections in the developing central nervous system of Mammalia form functional synapses on their target neurons, using transient ipsilateral interpositorubral (iIR) projection in kittens as a model system. Intracellular recordings were made from red nucleus (RN) neurons in 26 kittens aged 6–26 postnatal days (PD6-26). RN neurons were identified by monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by stimulation of contralateral nucleus interpositus (IN), and additionally by intracellular staining in a few cells. Sixty-nine out of 362 RN neurons responded to stimulation of the ipsilateral IN. Of the 69 cells, 25 showed depolarizing responses with relatively short latency (2.1–6.7 ms) in kittens up to PD20. Such responses were not observed in older animals. Varying stimulus strength revealed that the potentials were unitary. Paired-pulse facilitation of the potential was observed, suggesting that the depolarizations are EPSPs. Several lines of evidence were obtained suggesting that the EPSPs are evoked monosynaptically. They followed high-frequency stimulation up to 50 Hz, and their latencies remained constant with varying stimulus strength. The latencies of ipsilaterally induced EPSPs were always longer than those of contralateral ones, evidence consistent with the longer course of ipsilaterally projecting axons than that of contralateral ones (Song and Murakami 1990). The age of disappearance of the monosynaptic EPSPs, i.e., PD20, also corresponds roughly with that of the anatomically demonstrable iIR fibers (PD15–PD25; Song and Murakami 1990). It is thus concluded that the transient iIR fibers in kittens form functional synapses on RN neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229028
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Individual corticorubral neurons project bilaterally during postnatal development and following early contralateral cortical lesions (1993)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 96 (1993), S. 181-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Corticorubral projection ; Aberrant projection ; Lesion ; Fluorescent beads ; Kitten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The corticorubral projections in adult cats are primarily uncrossed. However, early in development and after early unilateral lesions of the sensorimotor cortex, crossed corticorubral projections are also observed. The present study was performed to disclose (1) whether the crossed projections originate from neuronal subpopulations different from those producing uncrossed ones and (2) how the neurons that give rise to the crossed projections in the lesioned animals are related to those occurring in normal development. We injected fluorescent latex microspheres into the red nucleus of two groups of animals: (1) intact kittens at postnatal week 3 and (2) kittens that had received unilateral ablation of the cerebral cortex at this stage and were then allowed to survive for at least 4 weeks. Red fluorescing microspheres were injected on one side and green ones on the other. In both normal and lesioned kittens, a number of cells in the cortex were labeled as a result of the contralateral as well as the ipsilateral injections, and no difference in size or distribution was found between the cells labeled from contralateral and ipsilateral injections. More than half of the cells labeled from contralateral injections were double-labeled in both groups of animals. These results indicate that individual corticorubral cells project bilaterally in normal development as well as following unilateral lesions of the cortex. With respect to the cells producing crossed projections, they were similar in both laminar and regional distributions between the intact and lesioned animal, suggesting that the crossed projections arise from the same neuronal subpopulation before and after cortical lesions. This view was supported by sequential injections of the tracers, which indicated that cells normally projecting contralaterally maintained the crossed projection after the lesions. Taking into account our previous observations that growth and proliferation of crossed corticorubral axons took place in the red nucleus (Murakami et al. 1991a), it is likely that growth and proliferation of the axons in denervated targets play a major role in lesion-induced establishment of aberrant projections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227098
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative analysis of electrical properties of dendritic spines (1984)
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 50 (1984), S. 447-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Several sugestions have been made with regard to the functional significance of dendritic spines in connection with synaptic plasticity. We have shown that for a constant synaptic current, when the synaptic resistance is large compared to the spine-stem resistance, a morphological change in the spine does not produce a marked change in the postsynaptic potential (PSP). When the synaptic resistance is comparable to the spine-stem impedance a morphological change in the spine can induce changes in the synaptic current and the PSP due to the so-called nonlinear effect to the synapse (Kawato and Tsukahara, 1983, 1984). Consequently, in a study of the electrical properties of dendritic spines the input impedance of the parent dendrite, the spinestalk conductance and the conductance change associated with synaptic activity must be considered. We quantitatively estimated all three factors. By comparing electrophysiological data with morphological data, we estimated the synaptic conductance which causes corticorubral EPSP. Its maximum amplitude was 43 nS with a time-to-peak value of 0.3 ms. With this value, the effects of the spine were examined using an improved algorithm based on that of Butz and Cowan (1974). It uses a three-dimensional morphology of the rubrospinal (RS) neurons, which was reconstructed from serial sections containing HRP-filled RS cells. As the spine shortens, the amplitude of the EPSP becomes considerably larger, but its time-to-peak value does not markedly change. Moreover, if unitary EPSP in the RS cell is produced by the activation of several synaptic terminals a morphological change of the spine has a smaller effect on the EPSPs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335202
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Guidance of circumferentially growing axons by the floor plate in the vertebrate central nervous system (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 290 (1997), S. 323-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Commissural axon ; Chemorepulsion ; Chemoattraction ; Netrin ; Midline ; TAG-1 ; Collagen gel culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract.  We describe the recent progress of studies on the mechanisms of early neural patterning, focusing on the guidance of circumferentially migrating axons in the vertebrate brain. We also refer to the underlying molecular mechanisms revealed by recent studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050937
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