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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 305-310 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Nafion membrane ; hydration ; association ; IR studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The state of sulfonic acid groups in a thoroughly dried and slightly hydrated Nafion membrane has been analysed applying infrared spectroscopy. IR spectra in thevOH stretching vibration region were analysed in detail. A computer-curve resolution technique was used to determine band parameters of each OH band. The results of this analysis indicate a rather complex process of association of sulfonic groups in the Nafion membrane. The association of these groups in the Nafion membrane differs in several respects from that in the polystyrenesulfonic acid membrane which results from the differencies in membrane structures, both on molecular and supermolecular level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 190 (1989), S. 1501-1506 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly(hexylene phosphate) (1) and poly[poly(ethylene glycol)phosphate] (2) were examined as ionic carriers for concentration/separation processes, applying the liquid membrane technique. Experiments were performed with nickel and cobalt ions pertracted both from a single solution and bicomponent mixtures. 2, dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane, was found to be an effective carrier of nickel ions. The system seems to offer efficient separation of Ni(II)/Co(II) ions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 186 (1985), S. 1411-1423 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The oxidation of a polypropylene (PP) film was studied with respect to activation for volume grafting. To attain the content of peroxides adequate for an intended graft level, the five oxidation variables: temperature, time, oxygen pressure and concentrations of initiator and surfactant were optimized. For a statistical analysis, the experiments were planned according to a hyper-graeco-latin square. The relation between the reaction variables and the ratio of peroxides and hydroperoxides within the polymer was determined. The distribution of the oxygencontaining products inside the peroxidized PP film was monitored by transmission and attenuated total reflection in the infrared region. The optimum variables enable an oxidation of PP to a desired degree, with peroxide groups uniformly distributed throughout the film, and at minor disturbance of the mechanical characteristics of the material.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion coefficient of the cationic dye Anilana Red BL in the anionically modified polyester fiber Dilana has been calculated regarding a general diffusion-immobilization model. In the model the mobile species are distinguished from the immobilized ones. In computations of Sand's equation and experimentally determined sorption isotherm of the dye in the fiber, the rate-of-dyeing curve and the concentration profiles of the dye in the same fiber were employed. The diffusion coefficient of the mobile species of Anilana Red BL in the fiber is two orders of magnitude higher than the average diffusion coefficient obtained from Hill's equation and the apparent diffusion coefficient calculated by the Boltzmann-Matano method.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1483-1490 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The investigations on dyeing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers with disperse dye Synthene Scarlet P3GL have revealed anomalous sorption of the dye in heat-treated samples. In the mathematical solution of the process it has been assumed that anomalous sorption can be treated as superposition in time of two stages of Fickian sorption. The contents of absorbed dye at quasiequilibrium CI, at the final equilibrium CII, and the apparent diffusion coefficients DI, and DII have been calculated using Hill's equation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 769-780 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article deals with the method of determination of a threshold volume fraction of the conductive phase within perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer Nafion. Experiments have been performed with the commercial Nafion-120 and Nafion-427 membranes equilibrated with concentrated sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide solutions at 353 K. It has been stated that the insulator-to-conductor transition in membranes occurs at the critical volume fraction of the conductive phase (Vc) equal to 0.1. The same Vc has been estimated for a geometrical cluster-network model. Lower than the theoretical Vc for a classical dense-packed-hard-sphere model (Vc = 0.15), the volume fraction for the membranes is caused mainly by channels connecting the ionic clusters. The critical exponent t has been calculated for both membranes and found to be equal to 1.6 for Nafion-120 and 1.5 for Nafion-427. Both these constants correspond to those theoretically predicted for 3D systems. The ratios of sodium ion mobility in the internal membrane solution to its mobility in the equilibrating NaCl or NaOH solutions (u+/u+) are below unity, and they are dependent on the nature and concentration of the electrolyte.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 88 (1980), S. 149-163 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ein mehrschichtiges elektrochemisches Modell kationenaustauschender Membranen wurde behandelt. Dieses Modell gibt einen Zusammenhang zwischen spezifischer Leitfáhigkeit der Membranen und ihrer Zusammensetzung. Es wurden zwei Modellvarianten mit linearer und hyperbolischer Verteilungsfunktion der nichtselektiven Zonen erarbeitet. Mit Hilfe der Modelle wurde die Phasenzusammensetzung der Membranen, d.h. der Volumenbruchteil des Polyelektrolyten, des neutralen Polymeren und des absorbierten Elektrolyten, ermittelt. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse wurden durch die Sorptionsuntersuchungen des Elektrolyten und des Wassers in den Membranen bestátigt.
    Notes: A multilayer electrochemical model of cation permselective membranes has been elaborated. The model relates the specific conductivity of membranes with their composition and conductivity of an external electrolyte. Two solutions of the model with linear and hyperbolic distribution of the nonselective domains is presented. Applying these models, the calculations of phase composition of the membranes, i.e. the volume fractions of polyelectrolyte, inert polymer and imbibed electrolyte, were performed. The results were confirmed by the measurements of sorption of external electrolyte and water.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 111 (1983), S. 85-95 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen der Quellung und der Elektrolytsorption in Nafion-Membranen werden dargestellt. Die Untersuchungen wurden in konzentrierten Lösungen von Natriumchlorid und Natriumhydroxyd im Temperaturbereich von 293-363 K durchgeführt. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Erhöhung der Temperatur und der Elektrolytkonzentration eine Ursache für die bedeutende Entwässerung der Membranen ist. Die Interpretation der Elektrolysorption in Membranen wurde auf Grund der modifizierten Donnan-Gleichung durchgeführt. Mit dieser Gleichung berechnete Strukturkoeffizienten beweisen, daß die Entwässerung der Membranen mit der Zunahme der Membranhomogenität verbunden ist. Dieser Prozeß beruht auf der Entwässerung der Membranbereiche mit niedrigem Gehalt der Funktionsgruppen. Es wurden Daten erhalten, welche die Brauchbarkeit der Gleichung S̄ = k1(N̄0-N̄m)b zur Darstellung der Abhängigkeit zwischen der Elektrolytsorption (S̄) und der Hydratation (N̄0,N̄m) der Membranen bestätigen.
    Notes: Swelling and sorption equilibria for Nafion membranes in concentrated solutions of sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide have been studied at 293-363 K. It has been stated that at increased temperature deswelling changes the state of the membranes. The Donnan equation modified for the description of the sorption equilibria in nonuniform gel has been applied for the interpretation of the experimental data. The calculated structural parameter β shows that at deswelling the nonuniformity of the membranes diminishes, i. e. water is removed mainly from the volume elements of low concentration of fixed charges. Further confirmation of the applicability of the equation S̄ = k1(N̄0 - N̄m)b to the description of the relation between sorption (S̄) and hydration of the membranes (N̄0,N̄m) has been presented.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 86 (1980), S. 157-170 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine gequollene, ionselektive Membran bildet ein Multiphasensystem, welches aus dem Gel des Polyelektrolyten, einem die Membran verstärkenden neutralen Polymeren und einem die Poren und nichtselektiven Plätze ausfüllendem niedermolekularen Elektrolyten zusammengesetzt ist.Es wurde der Versuch unternommen, elektrochemische Membranmodelle zur Berechnung der Phasenzusammensetzung von Membranen anzuwenden. Die Berechnungen wurden für die sich im Gleichgewicht mit Schwefelsäurelösungen befindenden kationenaustauschenden Membranen NAFION, PE-PSSA und IONAC ausgeführt. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse zeugen davon, daß nur das Modell nach Guillou einige der angenommenen Adäquationskriterien erfüllt. Es wurde auch festgestellt, daß der mittels Modellen berechnete Anteil nichtselektiver Zonen den auf Grund von Sorptionsuntersuchungen des Elektrolyten bestimmten überschreitet.
    Notes: The swollen permselective membrane is a multiphase system composed of polyelectrolyte gel, inert polymer acting as a reinforcing agent and of low molecular weight electrolyte filling the pores and nonselective domains.Endeavour has been undertaken to apply the electrochemical models of membranes for the computations of their phase composition. The computations have been performed for some cation selective membranes equilibrated with sulphuric acid solutions, which are called NAFION, PE-PSSA, and IONAC. The results prove that only the Guillou model fulfills some of the chosen criteria of adequacy. It has been also stated that the fraction of the nonselective domains found by any of the models exceed the one established from electrolyte sorption data.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 80 (1979), S. 105-118 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde die Permeabilität von Schwefelsäure durch kationenaustauschende Membranen mit verschiedener Inhomogenität untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß der Diffusionskoeffizient der Säure in der Membran Di mit dem Diffusionskoeffizient in der Wasserlösung D0,i durch die Gleichung \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\overline {{\rm D}_{\rm i} } = {\rm D}_{{\rm 0,i}} \cdot {\rm f}\left( {\rm V} \right)$\end{document} verbunden ist, wobei V der für die Diffusion unzugängliche Volumenbruchteil der Membran ist. Dieses Volumen wurde als die Summe des Volumenbruchteils des Polymeren Vp und des Volumenbruchteils der Innenlösung VG berechnet, wobei die lokale Konzentration der Ionogengruppen der Konzentration des Elektrolyten der Außenlösung gleich oder höher als sie war. Das Einführen des Volumens V in die Gleichungen von Meares, Prager und Yasuda führte zu einer guten Korrelation zwischen Di und der Funktion f(V) mit Berücksichtigung der Struktur und der Inhomogenität der Membran.Die besten Ergebnisse erhält man bei Anwendung der Prager-Gleichung. In diesem Fall liegen die für verschiedene Membranen berechneten Koeffizienten D0,i nahe bei dem Diffusionskoeffizienten der Schwefelsäure in der Wasserlösung.
    Notes: Permeability of sulphuric acid through cation-exchange membranes of different inhomogeneity has been investigated. It has been found that the diffusion coefficient of the acid within the membrane Di is related to that in the aqueous solution D0,i by the equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \overline {{\rm D}_{\rm i} } = {\rm D}_{{\rm 0,i}} \cdot {\rm f}\left( {\rm V} \right) $\end{document} where V is the membrane volume fraction inaccessible for diffusion. This volume was calculated as the sum of the polymer volume fraction Vp and the volume fraction of the internal solution VG with the local concentration of the ionogenic groups equal or higher than the concentration of the external electrolyte. Introducing the volume V into the equations by Meares, Prager and Yasuda it is possible to find a high correlation between Di and f(V), which is related to the membrane structure and their inhomogeneity.The best results have been obtained with the equation of Prager; the calculated diffusion coefficients D0,i for different membranes are then close to the coefficient of H2SO4 in a free aqueous solution.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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