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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relative growth rate correlates negatively with pathogen resistance in radish: the role of plant chemistry (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Plant growth rate has frequently been associated with herbivore defence: a large investment in quantitative defence compounds occurs at the expense of growth. We tested whether such a relationship also holds for growth rate and pathogen resistance. For 15 radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cultivars, we determined the potential growth rate and the resistance to fungal wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum. We subsequently aimed to explain a putative negative relationship between growth rate and resistance based on plant chemical composition. Both growth rate and resistance level varied greatly among cultivars. Moreover, there was a strong negative correlation between growth rate and resistance, i.e. there are costs associated with a high resistance level. Roots of slow-growing, resistant cultivars have a higher biomass density. Using pyrolysis mass spectrometry. we part1y explained variation in both growth rate and resistance in terms of the same change in chemical composition. Leaves of slow-growing, resistant cultivars contained more cell wall material. Surprisingly, roots of slow-growing, highly resistant cultivars contained significantly less cell wall material, and more cytoplasmic elements (proteins). We speculate that this higher protein concentration is related to high construction and turn-over costs and high metabolic activity. The latter in turn is thought to be responsible for a rapid and adequate resistance reaction, in which phenols may be involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00006.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical differences between wildtype and gibberellin mutants of tomato determined by pyrolysis-mass spectrometry (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 16 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Leaf, stem and root material of wild-type and gibberellin (GA)-deficient mutants of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) were analysed by pyrolysis-mass spectrometry for possible differentiation in chemical allocation pattern among cell wall and cytoplasm. GA-deficiency is accompanied by changes in the relative growth rate (RGR). RGR-correlated changes were found in leaves in the comparative amounts of cellulose- and protein-derived fragments. The low-RGR genotypes contained more protein and nucleic acid, the high-RGR ones more cellulose. In root material, a higher contribution of cellulose, hemicellulose and G- and S-lignin was found for the lower-RGR plants and comparatively high protein in the high-RGR genotypes. For stems, less clear results were obtained, possibly because of variation in the ratio of syringyl- and guaiacyl-lignin. Part of the results might be explained by a GA-dependent change in cell size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb02063.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of nitrogen supply on the anatomy and chemical composition of leaves of four grass species belonging to the genus Poa, as determined by image-processing analysis and pyrolysis–mass spectrometry (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Previous experiments have shown that the anatomy and chemical composition of leaves of inherently fast- and slow-growing grass species, grown at non-limiting nitrogen supply, differ systematically. The present experiment was carried out to investigate whether these differences persist when the plants are grown at an intermediate or a very low nitrogen supply. To this end, the inherently fast-growing Poa annua L. and Poa trivialis L., and the inherently slow-growing Poa compressa L. and Poa pratensis (L.) Schreb. were grown hydroponically at three levels of nitrate supply: at optimum (RGRmax) and at relative addition rates of 100 and 50 mmol N (mol N)−1 d−1 (RAR100 and RAR50), respectively.As expected, at the lowest N supply, the potentially fast-growing species grew at the same rate as the inherently slow-growing ones. Similarly, the differences in leaf area ratio (LAR, leaf area:total dry mass), specific leaf area (SLA, leaf arear:leaf dry mass) and leaf mass ratio (LMR, leaf dry mass:total dry mass) disappeared. Under optimal conditions, the fast-growing species differed from the slow-growing ones in that they had a higher N concentration. There were no significant differences in C concentration. With decreasing N supply, the total N concentration decreased and the differences between the species disappeared. The total C concentration increased for the fast-growing species and decreased for the slow-growing ones, i.e. the small, but insignificant, difference in C concentration between the species at RGRmax increased with decreasing N supply.The chemical composition of the leaves at low N supply, analysed in more detail by pyrolysis–mass spectrometry, showed an increase in the relative amounts of guaiacyl lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, whereas those of syringyl lignin and protein decreased.The anatomy and morphology of the leaves of the four grass species differing in RGRmax were analysed by image-processing analysis. The proportion of the total volume occupied by mesophyll plus intercellular spaces and epidermis did not correlate with the amount of leaf mass per unit leaf area (specific leaf mass, SLM) at different N supply. The higher SLM at low N supply was caused partly by a high proportion of non-veinal sclerenchymatic cells per cross-section and partly by the smaller volume of epidermal cells.We conclude that the decrease in relative growth rate (and increase in SLM) at decreasing N supply is partly due to chemical and anatomical changes. The differences between the fast- and slow-growing grass species at an optimum nutrient supply diminished when plants were growing at a limiting nitrogen supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1997.d01-135.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biosynthesis of pentacyclic triterpenoids in leaves of Ilex aquifolium L. (1985)
    Springer
    Planta 166 (1985), S. 51-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ilex ; Leaf wax ; Lipid globule ; Mevalonate ; Palmitate ; Triterpene synthesis ; Wax
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ilex leaves can utilize sucrose and mevalonate for the synthesis of triterpene esters. Mevalonate is also used for the synthesis of free triterpenoid alcohols, but sucrose is not. The selectivity of precursor utilization indicates separate sites for triterpenol and triterpenol-ester synthesis. The sites of synthesis are not found at the main locations of accumulation of triterpenols (the epicuticular wax) or triterpene esters (the cytoplasmatic lipid globules). Transport from the site of synthesis to the lipid globules, and especially towards the epicuticular wax, is slow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397385
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of phytoalexin accumulation and determination of changes in lignin and carbohydrate composition in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) xylem as a consequence of infection with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, by pyrolysis-mass spectrometry (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 133-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: cell walls ; guaiacyl lignin ; syringyl lignin ; dianthramides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Kleine stukjes xyleem en andere weefsels van de stengels van gezonde en geïnoculeerde planten van een tweetal anjercultivars, Novada en Lena, werden onderzocht op mate van lignificatie (lignine/polysaccharide verhouding) en ligninesamenstelling met behulp van pyrolyse-massaspectrometrie en pyrolyse-gaschromatografie massaspectrometrie. Deze techniek bleek ook bruikbaar voor het localiseren van fytoalexinen van het dianthramide-type, welke in anjer accumuleren na infectie metFusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi. De samenstelling van gezonde weefsels was bij beide cultivars praktisch gelijk. Bij de resistente cultivar Novada leidde infectie tot een verandering van guaiacyl-syringyllignine in guaiacyl-lignine in door gommen afgesloten delen van het xyleem. Xyleem met gommen bevatte aanzienlijke hoeveelheden van het fenolamide dianthalexine en van de andere fytoalexinen van het dianthramide type. De fytoalexinen werden niet aangetroffen in aangrenzend floeem, merg of gezond ogend xyleem. Bij de vatbare cultivar Lena trad afbraak van het xyleem op, dat daarbij armer aan syringyllignine werd, terwijl tevens in een vroeg stadium pectine werd gedemethyleerd. In ‘Lena’ werden slechts kleine hoeveelheden fytoalexinen gevonden, met name bij locaal opgetreden afweerreacties zoals gomvorming. Bij beide cultivars werden aanwijzingen voor afbraak van hemicellulosen gevonden.
    Notes: Abstract Minute pieces of xylem and other tissues from stems of healthy and fungus-infected plants of two carnation cultivars Novada and Lena were investigated for lignification (lignin/polysaccharide ratios) and lignin composition by means of pyrolysis mass spectrometry and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry. This technique proved also very effective for the localization of dianthramide phytoalexins which accumulate in carnation after infection withFusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi. The composition of healthy tissues from both cultivars was practically the same. In the resistant cultivar Novada, infection induced a change from guaiacyl-syringyl lignin into a mainly guaiacyl lignin in the gum-occluded parts of the xylem. Considerable amounts of the phenolic amide dianthalexin and of other dianthramide phytoalexins were present in occluded xylem, but not in adjacent phloem, medulla or unoccluded xylem. Xylem from susceptible ‘Lena’ suffering degradation was characterized by a loss of syringyl groups from the lignin and by demethylation of pectin in an early stage of infection. Small quantities of dianthalexin and other dianthramide phytoalexins were found in ‘Lena’ when local defense responses (particularly occlusion) had occurred. In both cultivars evidence for degradation of hemicellulose was found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974252
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The geographic distribution of flavone-glycosylating genes in Silene pratensis (Rafn.) Godron and Gren. (Caryophyllaceae) (1982)
    Springer
    Genetica 59 (1982), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Silene pratensis three loci (g, gl and fg) control the glycosylation of isovitexin. Three alleles are known for both the g-locus (g, g G and g X ) and the gl-locus (gl, gl A and gl R ); for the fg-locus there are only two alleles (fg and Fg). The distribution of these alleles over 285 European populations of S. pratensis has been investigated. It was concluded that there are three different chemical races within S. pratensis in Europe. The first race contains the populations in western and southern Europe and displays high frequencies of g G , gl and fg. The frequencies of g G and gl R are very high in the second chemical race, which can be found in the USSR, Scandinavia and eastern Poland. The third chemical race occurs in central Europe and in this race the frequencies of both g and gl R are high, Fg has low to moderate frequencies in the second and third groups. The alleles gl A and g X are seldom found in S. pratensis, but are present in the closely related S. dioica. They do occur with low frequencies in some populations of S. pratensis, possibly as a result of hybridization with S. dioica.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00133298
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Involvement of phenol metabolism in resistance of Dianthus caryophyllus to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 94 (1988), S. 289-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: carnation ; cell walls ; dianthramides ; hydroxyanthranilic acid ; phenolic acid ; phytoalexins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Drie anjercultivars werden onderzocht op de effecten van stengelinoculatie metFusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi op de produktie van fenolische verbindingen en op de fungistatische activiteit van stengelextracten. Anjerstengels bleken een complex mengsel van celwand-gebonden fenolzuren te bevatten, waarvan er verschillende in vrij grote hoeveelheden voorkwamen. Daartegenover waren de hoeveelheden fenolische verbindingen in de vacuole bij gezonde anjerstengels erg laag. Infectie metF. oxysporum f.sp.dianthi induceerde de produktie en accumulatie van een aantal nieuwe verbindingen in het celsap, alsook gebonden aan de celwand. Tevens bleek de remming van de kieming van conidiën vanF. oxysporum f.sp.dianthi onder invloed van deze stengelextracten sterk verhoogd, in vergelijking met de remming veroorzaakt door extracten van gezonde stengels. De accumulatie van een aantal fenolen en de verhoging van de fungistatische activiteit van de extracten waren in grote lijnen gecorreleerd met de uit de praktijk bekende resistentie van de drie cultivars. De verschillen in resistentie tegenF. oxysporum f.sp.dianthi zouden deels kunnen berusten op remming van de omzetting van precursors (fenolzuren) in fytoalexinen in de meer vatbare cultivars.
    Notes: Abstract Three carnation cultivars were investigated for the effect of stem inoculation withFusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi on production of phenolic compounds and on fungistatic activity. Carnation stems were characterized by a complex mixture of cell wall-bound phenolics, several of which occurred in considerable amounts. Only very low amounts of phenolic compound were present in the vacuoles. Infection withF. oxysporum f.sp.dianthi induced the production and accumulation of a number of new compounds, both free in the cell sap and bound to the cell wall. In addition, the stem extracts acquired germination-inhibiting properties for conidia of the fungus. The accumulation of several phenolics and the fungistatic activity were roughly correlated to the degree of resistance of the three cultivars. Part of the differences in their resistance toF. oxysporum f.sp.dianthi might be due to an inhibition of the conversion of phenolic acid-type precursors into phytoalexins in the more susceptible cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01998054
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inheritance of resistance in carnation against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi races 1 and 2, in relation to resistance components (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 97 (1991), S. 73-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Dianthus caryophyllus ; additive resistance ; localization ability ; latent period ; wilting rate ; phytoalexins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four carnation cultivars, Novada (resistant to races 1 and 2 ofFusarium oxysporum f.sp.dianthi), Elsy (susceptible to race 1), Lena (susceptible to race 2) and Sam's Pride (susceptible to both races), were selfed and crossed. When three months old, the seedlings were inoculated via the roots or via the stems, after which wilting was recorded weekly according to a 5-point ordinal scale. Analyses were carried out on the proportions of diseased plants. For race 1 variation between the progenies could be described by means of general combining abilities only; GCA values were not affected by the inoculation method used. Also for race 2 GCAs were most important but the GCA values appeared different for the two inoculation methods. It is concluded that resistance to both races is inherited in an additive way. Indications for independently inherited root-specific resistance components (extravascular resistance) were only found with race 2. With both races, the ability to confine the pathogen at the infection site appeared the most important resistance component. Resistant progenies were also characterized by longer latent periods and lower wilting rates. Both race 1 and race 2 induced the accumulation of the phytoalexins dianthalexin and methoxydianthramide S, but race 2 induced higher amounts than race 1. The accumulation of phytoalexins was positively correlated to the resistance level of the progenies against the respective races. The progenies of the double-resistant cultivar Novada appeared to produce particularly high levels of phytoalexins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974271
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fast atom bombardment of flavonols (1985)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 12 (1985), S. 596-601 
    Details
    ISSN: 1052-9306
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The positive ion fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectra of flavonols show reasonably abundant [M + H]+ ions. The protonated aglycone is the base peak in the spectra of all compounds investigated. The various protonated aglycones show structure-specific fragmentation reactions, which are more distinct in their metastable ion and collisional activation spectra. Discrimination between isomeric aglycones is possible using these characteristics. The number and size of the monosaccharides in the glycosides can be established. Their positional identity, however, cannot be derived from FAB spectra.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bms.1200121006
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geographic trends in flavone-glycosylation genes and seed morphology in EuropeanSilene pratensis (Caryophyllaceae) (1983)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 141 (1983), S. 257-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Caryophyllaceae ; Silene pratensis ; S. alba ; S. dioica ; Flavone glycosylation ; genetic variation ; morphological differentiation ; flavonoids ; evolution ; Flora of Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three of the loci controlling isovitexin glycosylation inSilene pratensis are polymorphic and show geographic trends which are compared with geographic trends in seed morphology (and other phenotypic characters) as demonstrated by multivariate analysis. Various lines of evidence support the hypothesis thatS. pratensis spread into Europe from at least two genetically differentiated sources.S. dioica, by contrast, shows little interpretable geographic variation in morphology or flavonoid content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989006
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