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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of Lifelong Nicotine Inhalation on Bone Mass and Mechanical Properties in Female Rat Femurs (1999)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 65 (1999), S. 246-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Osteoporosis — BMD — Nicotine — Rat.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract. As tobacco smoking has been identified as a risk factor in the development of osteoporosis, possible deleterious effects of nicotine inhalation on bone mineral density (BMD) and mechanical properties of the femur in female rats were studied. Female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to nicotine vapour 20 hours a day 5 days a week for 2 years. The nicotine concentration in the inhaled air was kept at a level, giving a plasma nicotine concentration exceeding that of heavy smokers. Throughout the study, the nicotine-exposed rats weighed approximately 10% less than the control rats. At the end of the study the rats were anesthesized and blood was collected by heart puncture for determination of nicotine in plasma. Both femurs were resected and scanned by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). There was no difference in BMD between control rats (n = 7) and nicotine-exposed rats (n = 23) (mean 0.216 ± 0.021 g/cm2 and 0.210 ± 0.014 g/cm2, respectively (P= 0.19)). The left femur was used for mechanical testing of the shaft and the neck. No significant difference could be demonstrated in ultimate bending moment, ultimate energy absorbtion, stiffness, or deflection between the two groups. In conclusion, no negative effects of nicotine inhalation on the femurs of female rats were found.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002239900692
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pharmacokinetics of quinidine related to plasma protein binding in man (1979)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 15 (1979), S. 187-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): quinidine ; plasma protein binding ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The disposition and plasma protein binding of quinidine after intravenous administration were studied in 13 healthy subjects. Plasma protein binding, expressed as the fraction of quinidine unbound ranged from 0.134–0.303 (mean 0.221). Elimination rate constant (β) varied from 0.071 to 0.146 h−1 (mean 0.113), and apparent volume of distribution (Vβ) varied from 1.39–3.20 l · kg−1β (mean 2.27). Total body clearance was 2.32–6.49 ml min−1 · kg−1. There was a positive linear correlation between the plasma fraction of unbound quinidine and both Vβ (r=0.885, p〈0.01) and total body clearance (r=0.668, p〈0.05). No significant correlation existed between the fraction of unbound quinidine in plasma and the elimination rate constant. The results show that both the apparent volume of distribution and total body clearance of quinidine are proportional to the unbound fraction in plasma. This implies that the total plasma concentration of quinidine at steady state will change with alterations in plasma binding, whilst the concentration of unbound compund and its elimination rate will remain unaffected.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00563104
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Absorption of quinidine from an enteric-coated preparation (1979)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 16 (1979), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): quinidine ; enteric-coated tablets ; bioavailability ; gastric emptying ; pH
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The absorption of quinidine from single and multiple doses of an enteric-coated preparation (Systodin®) was studied in seven healthy subjects, and was compared with the pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered quinidine and the results of in vitro dissolution tests of the tablets. Absorption of quinidine began after a variable delay, 2–8 h (mean 4.8) after fasting and 3–10 h (mean 6.1) after food. The rate of absorption varied both in and between individuals. It appeared to be lower when the drug was administered after food. Multiple doses after food gave a pattern of plasma concentration-time curves similar to that found on administration of single doses after food. The delay prior to absorption was prolonged at night. The ratio between the maximum and minimum concentration of quinidine during a dose interval varied from 1.3 to 3.2 (mean 2.0). Bioavailability of quinidine in fasting subjects ranged from 69 to 95% (mean 83); variation was greater when doses were administered after food. The release of quinidine from the enteric-coated preparation was pH dependent and was sustained at low pHs as may be found in the intestines. The results indicate that the absorption of quinidine from the enteric-coated formulation was dependent on the highly variable rate of gastric emptying and the pH of intestinal fluid, and it varied greatly both within and between individuals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00563116
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of cefuroxime in patients with severe renal insufficiency (1983)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 391-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): cefuroxime ; furosemide ; nephrotoxicity ; renal insufficiency ; pharmacokinetics ; clinical efficacy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of cefuroxime were investigated in 5 patients with severe impairment of renal function (creatinine clearance ⪕ 23 ml/min), suffering from an urinary tract infection. Bolus i.v. injections of cefuroxime 750 mg b.i.d. or 750 mg once daily were given to the patients depending on the degree of renal impairment. The concentration of drug in serum and urine was measured during treatment, and pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated on the second and last days; the parameters obtained on the 2 days did not differ significantly. Drug elimination half-life increased from 4.2 h (creatinine clearance 23.0 ml/min) to 22.3 h (creatinine clearance 5.0 ml/min) with decreasing renal function. The apparent volume of distribution ranged from 11.6 to 17.91, and showed a substantial increase to 29.61 in the patient with the poorest renal function. A linear correlation was found between the total and renal clearance of cefuroxime and the creatinine clearance; the extrarenal clearance was 8.24 ml/min. Concomitant treatment with furosemide did not impair renal function and no evidence of nephrotoxicity was found. The clinical efficacy of the drug was good. Symptoms of infection subsided after 3–4 days and the isolated pathogens were eradicated. No relapse or episodes of reinfection were observed in a following-up period of 3 months. The drug was well tolerated and no side effects or changes in haematological or biochemical values were seen.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00610061
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of tenoxicam in the elderly (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 35 (1988), S. 563-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): tenoxicam ; pharmacokinetics ; elderly ; healthy volunteers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Fourteen elderly subjects (10 women, 4 men) with a mean age of 81 (SD 6.7) years and in need of anti-inflammatory drug treatment were given a single dose of 20 mg tenoxicam. After a drug-free interval of 5 weeks, multiple dose treatment with 20 mg tenoxicam once daily for 56 days was initiated. The single and multiple dose kinetics of tenoxicam were investigated after HPLC determination of tenoxicam in the plasma. The elimination half-life of tenoxicam ranged from 44 to 132 h (mean 71.9 h) with no significant difference between the single and multiple dosage regimens. Tenoxicam reached maximum plasma concentrations after 1.4 and 1.1 h, with values of 3.6 and 15.5 µg·ml−1, for the single and multiple dosage regimen respectively. The corresponding trough values (24-h values) were 1.8 and 11.7 µg·ml−1. A mean accumulation ratio of 5.1 was calculated. The mean increase in the area under the plasma concentration time curves at steady-state was 21% more than predicted from the initial single dose. This deviation from linearity was considered to be of minor clinical significance. The kinetics of tenoxicam in elderly were similar to that published for young healthy volunteers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558254
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pharmacokinetics of macrolides. Comparison of plasma, tissue and free concentrations with special reference to roxithromycin (1995)
    Springer
    Infection 23 (1995), S. S5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Wenn die Makrolidantibiotika entsprechend den Standardgaben verabreicht werden, so erhält man gleichermaßen, bezogen auf die Gesamtsubstanz, bei einer ersten Einmaldosierung und beim „steady-state”-Spiegel die höchsten Plasmakonzentrationen bei Roxithromycin, vor Clarithromycin und Azithromycin. Die korrespondierenden freien Plasmakonzentrationen, errechnet nach veröffentlichten Daten der Proteinbindung der Makroliden, zeigen ebenfalls die gleichen Größenverhältnisse und die höchsten Werte bei Roxithromycin. Mit der Verwendung einer verbesserten analytischen Methode wurde eine stabile und längere Gesamteliminationszeit nachgewiesen, und zwar bei „steady-state”-Werten von gesunden Erwachsenen mit einer einmaligen Tagesdosis von 300 mg. Abweichungen innerhalb der untersuchten Gruppen (Erwachsene, ältere Erwachsene, Kinder usw.) waren geringer als erwartet. Roxithromycin wurde im Plasma sowie im Gewebe in hohen und gleichen Konzentrationen nachgewiesen und hatte eine gleiche Halbwertszeit. Roxithromycin zeigte damit ein ausgewogenes pharmakokinetisches Verhalten.
    Notizen: Summary When macrolide antibiotics are administered according to the standard therapeutic regimens, the highest plasma concentrations of total drug, both during the first dosage interval and at steady state, are obtained with roxithromycin, followed by clarithromycin and azithromycin. The corresponding free plasma concentrations, calculated from published data on plasma protein binding for the three macrolides, are of the same order of magnitude and the highest values are again those of roxithromycin. With the use of improved analytical methodology, a stable and prolonged total elimination half-life of roxithromycin of about 19 h was demonstrated at steady state in healthy adults with a 300 mg once daily dosage regimen. Intra-group subject variations (adults, children, the elderly etc.) were smaller than anticipated. Roxithromycin is found in high and similar concentrations both in plasma and tissue, demonstrating a balanced pharmacokinetic behaviour.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02464952
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