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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High Levels of Glycine and Serine as a Cause of the Seizure Symptoms of Cavernous Angiomas? (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 67 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Cavernous angiomas are vascular malformations that cause neurodegeneration and symptoms including epileptiform seizures, headache, and motor deficits. Following neurosurgical removal of the angiomas, patients mostly recover well and become seizure-free. This study reports on the levels of certain amino acids in angiomas, obtained from 13 patients. Distinct zones of the angiomas were analyzed, from the thrombotic core, via gliotic, hemosiderin-infiltrated intermediate zones, to a periphery without macroscopic abnormalities. The neurotransmitter amino acids glutamate, aspartate, and GABA as well as phosphoethanolamine displayed decreasing levels from the periphery to the core, reflecting the gradual neuronal loss. Compared with normal brain tissue, there was a marked increase in the levels of serine (fivefold), glycine (10-fold), and ethanolamine (20-fold) in the peripheral zone of the cavernous angiomas. The results are discussed in relation to seizures and NMDA receptor activation, neuron-glia interactions, membrane phospholipids, and blood-brain barrier function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67010260.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracerebral Dialysis and the Blood-Brain Barrier (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 64 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate how implantation of a dialysis probe influences the blood-brain barrier. Leakage of endogenous serum albumin was evaluated by Evans blue/albumin staining and by immunohistochemistry. The passage from blood to dialysate of two substances that normally do not pass into the brain, [3H]inulin and glutamate, was studied 3 and 24 h after insertion of a dialysis probe. Evans blue, given 20 min before rats were killed, was observed around the probe and surrounding brain tissue. Albumin immunoreactivity was seen at considerable distance from the probe with larger spread at 24 h than at 3 h after probe insertion. Glutamate and [3H]inulin were detected in the dialysate with no significant further increase of radioactivity after intracarotid infusion of protamine sulfate that enhances the permeability over the blood-brain barrier. When protamine was followed by infusion of glutamate, the concentrations of taurine increased in the dialysate in four of eight rats. That plasma constituents have access to the brain around the dialysis probe is essential to consider, particularly in studies using substances and drugs that do not pass an intact blood-brain barrier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.64010229.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AMMONIUM ION INHIBITION OF EVOKED RELEASE OF ENDOGENOUS GLUTAMATE FROM HIPPOCAMPAL SLICES (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 33 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— The effect of pathophysiological levels (2-5 mm) of ammonium chloride on the efflux of endogenous and exogenous [14C]glutamate from hippocampal slices was studied. The evoked release of glutamate which occurs dring tissue depolarization with 56 mm-KCl was greatly reduced when the tissue had been exposed to NH4Cl for 40–80 min. This effect was seen whether or not glutamine (0.5 mm) was present in the incubation medium. The effect was completely reversible. The spontaneous efflux and the evoked release of [14C]glutamate was, on the contrary, completely unaltered after exposure of the slice to ammonium ions. Nigher (20–36 mm) amounts of NH4Cl evoked a release of [14C]glutamate from the crude mitochondrial fraction, as did high concentrations of KCl. The results are discussed in relation to the compartmentation of glutamate metabolism and the pathogenesis of hepatic coma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1979.tb05276.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Serine and Ethanolamine Administration on Phospholipid-Related Compounds and Neurotransmitter Amino Acids in the Rabbit Hippocampus (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 71 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The report concerns mechanisms for the increase of extracellular levels of ethanolamine and phosphoethanolamine in CNS regions, such as the hippocampus, in transient brain ischemia, hypoglycemia, seizures, etc. l-Serine (2.5–10 mM), d-serine (10 mM), or ethanolamine (10 mM) was administered for 20 min via a microdialysis tubing to the hippocampus of unanesthetized rabbits. The concentrations of primary amines were determined in the dialysates. When levels were elevated 10–100 times in the extracellular fluid, l-serine caused a dose-dependent increase of the concentration of extracellular ethanolamine. Ethanolamine caused a corresponding, although somewhat smaller, increase in serine levels. Furthermore, l-serine also induced an increased concentration of phosphoethanolamine that was delayed in time relative to the peak of ethanolamine. d-Serine was as effective as l-serine in raising ethanolamine levels but had no effect on phosphoethanolamine. Ethanolamine, but not l-serine, also increased extracellular glutamate/aspartate levels in an MK-801-dependent fashion. A similar effect, but delayed in time, was observed with d-serine. These effects were inhibited by MK-801. The concentrations of other amino acids were not significantly affected. The characteristics of the effects are suggestive of base exchange reactions between serine and ethanolamine and between ethanolamine and serine glycerophospholipids, respectively, in neuronal plasma membranes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71052145.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The contribution from the choroid plexus and the periventricular CNS to amino acids and proteins in the human CSF (1990)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 15 (1990), S. 307-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Choroid plexus ; periventricular CNS ; amino acids ; proteins ; CSF
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract During neurosurgery the freshly secreted extracellular fluid (ECF) from the choroid plexus was sampled with small pieces of application paper in three patients with intractable epilepsy. The samples were analyzed for free amino acids and for soluble proteins. The results were compared with corresponding data on extracellular fluid from the brain surface obtained with dialysis-perfusion as well as with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acquired by lumbar punction. The dialysis data were calibrated against the paper results. The choroid plexus secretion had a high concentration of transthyretin as well as of an unidentified protein with an isoelectric point of 7.4. The cortical ECF exhibited high concentrations of tau-globulin and gamma-trace protein. Among the amino acids, glutamine had lower concentration in the choroid plexus secretion and higher concentrations in the ECF of the brain compared to the CSF. The amino acid derivative ethanolamine exhibited a similar pattern. This was interpreted to demonstrate that these compounds enter the CSF from the brain tissue. In contrast, alanine, serine, and taurine had a lower concentration in the CSF than in the plexus secretion which suggests that they are removed from the CSF by brain tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00968677
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Co-variation of free amino acids in human epileptogenic cortex (1993)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 18 (1993), S. 519-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Epilepsy ; neurosurgery ; amino acids ; ethanolamine ; NSE ; GFA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of free amino acids was measured in 41 surgically removed samples of human epileptogenic brain and in 7 specimens of non-epileptic brain tissue, removed during surgery for meningiomas, etc. The material was subdivided according to the neuropathological diagnosis: mild cortical dysplasia (MCD), gliosis astrocytoma infiltration and a histologically heterogeneous group. The non-tumoral epileptogenic samples had five times higher than normal concentration of ethanolamine and 50% elevated concentration of glycine. The concentration of other neurotransmitter amino acids did not differ markedly between epileptogenic and non-epileptic samples. The concentration of neurotransmitter amino acids showed a strong correlation with the enzyme neuron specific enolase (NSE) and were low in most samples with astrocytoma infiltration. On the other hand, tyrosine and leucine had higher concentrations in samples with lower NSE concentration. Factor analysis of the amino acids revealed four groups of covarying compounds in the brain samples, first, a neurotransmitter group, including aspartate, glutamate, GABA and phosphoethanolamine. Another group contained ethanolamine, glutamine, glycine and taurine. Factor analysis on corresponding extracellular amino acids showed two groups, the first being a “neurotransmitter” group, containing serine, taurine phosphoethanolamine and ethanolamine in addition to aspartate and glutamate. The other group consisted of asparagine, glycine, alanine, tyrosine, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine and leucine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00967256
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in brain temperature and free amino acids in normal and protein deprived suckling rats exposed to room temperature (1988)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 13 (1988), S. 657-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Rat ; protein deprivation ; brain ; temperature ; amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous reports on early-induced protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) in rats have indicated alterations in the concentration of free amino acids and of protein synthesis in the brain. Recently it was shown that early-induced protein deprivation (PD) retards the development of thermoregulation. This resulted in a failure to maintain a normal rectal temperature after short exposure to room temperature (+22°C) still at the age of 20–25 days corresponding to changes seen in normal rats at an age of 10–15 days. In the present study, 20-day old PD and normal rats where examined with regard to the effect of exposure to room temperature on brain temperature and on brain free amino acids. The results show a similar reduction in brain and rectal temperature of the PD rats occuring within 30 minutes after exposure to room temperature. The reduction was in the range of 5°C. PD rats kept in room temperature for 5 hours and then allowed to recover at 32.5°C showed a slow increase in brain and rectal temperature but normal temperatures were not reached even after 1 hour. The concentration of free amino acids in the brain was examined in rats kept for 1 hour at room temperature or at 32.5°C. In the PD rats kept at 32.5°C, free aspartate and glutamate were reduced whereas taurine, GABA and glycine were increased as compared to their corresponding control rats. As a result of the reduced brain temperature in PD rats exposed to room temperature there was a reduction in free asparagine. The lability of the pool of asparagine may be related to the low levels of aspartate and glutamate in PD rats. On the basis of the present findings it is recommended that temperature-sensitive parameters are examined in PCM rats at a normal body temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00973284
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biochemical correlates to cortical dysplasia, gliosis, and astrocytoma infiltration in human epileptogenic cortex (1993)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 18 (1993), S. 511-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Epilepsy ; human ; temporal cortex ; gliosis ; astrocytoma, mild cortical dysplasia ; neuron specific enolase ; neurofilament polypeptides ; glial fibrillary acidic protein ; S-100 ; neural cell adhesion molecule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The study provides detailed biochemical correlates to the common histopathological diagnoses in epilepsy. A dot immunobinding procedure was used for quantification of NSE, GFA, S-100, NCAM, NF 68 and NF 200. The material consisted of samples from 48 patients either selected for surgical treatment of partial epilepsy or for disorders not related to epilepsy. The histopthological diagnosis of the epileptic cases was: MCD (mild cortical dysplasia, microdysgenesis), gliosis, astrocytoma, ganglioglioma, oligodendroglioma and single cases. The concentration in non-epileptic white matter, in per cent of that in grey matter was: NSE, 85; GFA, 175; S-100, 117; NCAM, 43; NF 68,227 and NF 200, 173. The concentration of NSE as well as of GFA was close to normal in the specimens of the MCD and gliosis groups and of one subgroup of the astrocytomas. There was a striking inverse relationship of the GFA vs the NSE concentrations in the whole material. The concentrations of S-100 showed no such inverse relationship to NSE levels. In all the epileptic groups, total NCAM was lower than 50% of that of the non-epileptic group. The mean NF 68 and NF 200 concentration in the gliosis and astrocytoma groups was 75% of the of the non-epileptic group while the corresponding value for the MCD group was 50%. There was a positive correlation of immunochemically determined GFA and the histopathological gliosis score in the samples of epileptogenic cortex. There was no correlation between the concentration of GFA in the samples and the duration of epilepsy. The concentration of neuronal markers was relatively unaffected in the cortex of most patients with epilepsy related to MCD, gliosis and even to astrocytoma infiltration, even after years of seizures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00967255
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