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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sweating and the electric resistance of the skin (1962)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 24 (1962), S. 404-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Änderungen des elektrischen Widerstandes der Haut (ESR) im Verhältnis zu der Schweißsekretion wurden im Sommer, Herbst und Winter untersucht. Durch das Röhrenvoltmeter wurde der ohmische Widerstand zwischen 2 Silberelektroden gemessen, die auf die Haut mittels einer NaCl-haltigen Kontaktpaste in kleinem Abstand voneinander geheftet wurden. Wiederholte Versuche ergaben, daß die NaCl Konzentration in der Paste ein wichtiger Faktor für die Widerstandsänderungen bei der Schweißsekretion ist. Das auffallendste Phänomen war folgendes: Bei hoher Zimmertemperatur war eine Abnahme der Schweißsekretion nur dann mit einer Erniedrigung des ESR aller Areale mit Ausnahme des Handtellers begleitet, wenn der ESR bei hoher NaCl-Konzentration der Kontaktpaste gemessen wurde. Die Messung bei niedriger NaCl-Konzentration ergab sowohl am Handteller als auch an allen anderen Hautstellen eine Erhöhung des ESR bei Abnahme der Schweißsekretion und eine Senkung des ESR bei Zunahme der Schweißsekretion. Die Wirkung der Jahreszeit und des heißen Bades auf den ESR wurde beobachtet. Der mögliche Mechanismus dieser paradoxen ESR-Änderungen wurde diskutiert.
    Abstract: Résumé Des variations en résistance électrique de peau (REP) en relation de la suée étaient examinés en été, automne et hiver. Un voltmètre électronique était utilisé pour mesurer résistance électrique de peau. Entre deux électrodes d'argent qui étaient attachés à la surface de peau avec de la pâte saline. La concentration du sel dans ce pâte prend un rôle important au point de vue de mesure de REP. Un des phénomènes les plus importants est que REP dans les domaines sauf les paumes décroît parallélement à la dépression de suée provoquée du refroidissement de l'air ou de l'exercice de pression au peau. Il est nécessaire d'utiliser la pâte en haute concentration de ClNa pour voir ce phénomène. La valeur de REP augmente au cas de la depression de suée et diminue au accroissement, quand on utilise la pâte en haute concentration de ClNa. Au même temp, on peut constater des effects de saison et du bain chaud. Des mécanismes possibles à effectuer des variations ci-dessus étaient discutés.
    Notes: Summary Variations in the electric resistance of the skin (ESR) in relation to sweating were investigated in summer, autumn, and winter. A vacuum-tube voltmeter was used for measurements of ohm-resistance between two silver electrodes which were attached to the skin surface close together, with conductive paste. Concentration of saline solution contained in conductive paste was found to be an important factor affecting the mode of variations in ESR with changes in the rate of sweating. The most significant phenomenon we observed was that, in a hot environment, ESR on areas other than the palm of the hand decreased with depression of sweating only when measured with conductive paste containing saline solution of a high concentration. ESR on the palm, or that on any are of the body surface measured with conductive paste containing saline solution of a low concentration, increased with depression of sweating and decreased with enhancement of sweating. The effect of the season and that of a hot bath on ESR were observed. Possible mechanisms involved in variations of ESR are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01233011
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic sweating response of man to infrared irradiation in various spectral regions (1991)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 35 (1991), S. 18-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Sweating ; Infrared irradiation ; Spectral region ; Cutaneous thermoreceptor ; Skin temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In an attempt to detect differences in the thermal effect of infrared irradiation of different wavelengths, transient sweating response to infrared irradiation in various spectral regions was examined. In Series 1, the ventral or dorsal surface of the nude subject was irradiated repetitively for a period of 4 min (2 min on, 2 min off) by each of three kinds of infrared heaters with main emissivity in ‘near-infrared’ (NIR; 0.7–2.8 μm), ‘intermediate-infrared’ (MIR; 1.5–5.8 μm), and ‘far-infrared’ (FIR; 2.8–25 μm) regions. The sweating response on a non-irradiated area tended to be the greatest with MIR, while the magnitude of the sweating response on the irradiated area showed no consistent differences among various wavelengths. The results infer that MIR stimulated cutaneous thomoreceptors most effectively, while its direct effect on local sweat gland activity was minimal. In Series 2, the effects of 9–12 min irradiations in more restricted ranges of wavelength were compared by the combination of the three kinds of heaters with filters (translucent to wavelength ranges of 1.3–2.7, 2.7–3.5, 3.6–8.0 μm, respectively). The sweating response on a remote area was predominantly greater with the range of 2.7–3.5 μm than with the other wavelength ranges, while the local effect on sweating was minimal with this range. The results of Series 2 reinforce those of Series 1, indicating that the degree of stimulation of cutaneous thermoreceptors and of direct thermal effect on sweat gland activity differ with spectral regions incident on the skin, thus affecting local and remote effects on the sweating response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01040958
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preferred ambient temperature for old and young men in summer and winter (1992)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 36 (1992), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Preferred temperature ; Aging ; Thermal sensitivity ; Seasonal difference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the effects of age on thermal sensitivity, preferred ambient temperature (T pref) was compared between old (71–76 years) and young (21–30 years) groups, each consisting of six male subjects in summer and winter. The air temperature (T a) was set at either 20° C or 40° C at commencement. The subject was directed to adjust theT a for 45 min by manipulating a remote control switch to the level at which he felt most comfortable. In the older group, theT pref was significantly lower in trials starting at 20° C than that starting at 40° C in summer. The fluctuation ofT pref (temperature difference between maximum and minimumT a during the last 10 min) was significantly wider in the older group in both summer and winter. Repetition of the same experiment on each subject showed a poorer reproducibility ofT pref in the older group than in the younger group in summer. Tympanic and esophageal temperatures of the older group kept falling throughout the trial starting at 20° C in summer. These results suggest that thermal sensitivity is decreased with advancing age and that thermal perception in the elderly, especially to cold, is less sensitive in summer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01208726
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulatory effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P on human cholinergic sweat secretion (1994)
    Springer
    Clinical autonomic research 4 (1994), S. 319-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1619-1560
    Keywords: Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Substance P ; Sweat gland ; Cholinergic sweating ; Peptidergic modulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunoreacttvtty to various peptides has been demonstrated in nerve terminals around the sweat glands, suggesting a regulatory function for these peptides on sweating. The present study evaluated the calcitonin-gene related peptide and substance P related regulation of sweating in man. Both calcitonin-gene related peptide and substance P, when administered alone, failed to cause sweat secretion, whereas sweating induced by methacholine chloride alone was four times greater when administered with calcitonin-gene related peptide and suppressed by 70% when administered with substance P. The degree of calcitonin-gene related peptide dependent augmentation and substance P dependent suppression of the methacholine chloride induced sweating was dependent on the concentration of calcitonin-gene related peptide and substance P. These findings suggest that calcitonin-gene related peptide enhances cholinergic sweating and substance P inhibits it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01821532
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of body and head positions on bilateral difference in tympanic temperatures (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 67 (1993), S. 354-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Tympanic temperature ; Brain temperature ; Cerebral blood flow ; Posture ; Laterality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have examined the nonparallel changes in tampanic membrane temperatures (T ty) from the two ears in response to various changes in body and head positions. Upon assuming a lateral recumbent position, the T ty on the lower side increased while that on the upper side decreased. Pressure application over a wide area of the lateral chest only caused inconsistent and obscure asymmetric changes in T ty. A lateral flexion of the head with the subject sitting upright and a rotation of the head to the side in a supine position induced an increase in the T ty on the lower side compared to that on the upper side. The temperature and blood flow of the forehead often decreased on the lower side and increased on the upper side, although such responses were not always concomitant with the asymmetric changes in T ty. A dorsal flexion of the head with the subject in a reclining position caused a slight increase in the T ty, whereas raising the head upright induced a slight decrease in them. Two additional experiments were carried out with single photon emission computed tomography using 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime as tracer, and a slight, relative decrease in counts was noted in the right hemisphere during rotation of the head to the right. These results would strongly suggest that unilateral increases and decreases in T ty could have been caused by one-sided decreases and increases, respectively, in blood flow to the brain and/or the tympanic membrane, induced by a vasomotor reflex involving vestibular stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00357635
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of acetazolamide on cerebral blood flow and tympanic temperature in healthy subjects and patients with subacute subarachnoid haemorrhage (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 75 (1997), S. 252-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Subarachnoid haemorrhage  ;  Tympanic temperature  ;  Cerebral blood flow  ;  Acetazolamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) induced by acetazolamide on tympanic temperature (T ty) was examined in three healthy male volunteers and in five patients with subacute subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). The CBF was estimated by means of stable xenon-enhanced computed tomography before and after the administration of acetazolamide. The T ty was recorded continuously in both ears using thermistor thermometers. In all subjects, CBF increased ranging from 11% to 108% after acetazolamide administration. In all the healthy subjects and in two patients with mild SAH, T ty was higher than the oesophageal temperature (T oes) and T ty decreased bilaterally, ranging from 0.07 to 0.35°C as CBF increased. Three patients with severe SAH were febrile, their T oes exceeding T ty, and their T ty rose by 0.30 to 0.53°C with increased CBF. These observations suggest that T ty follows brain temperature which changes with an increase in CBF in euthermic subjects as well as in febrile subjects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050156
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cutaneous vasodilatation responses synchronize with sweat expulsions (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 71 (1995), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Sweating ; Sweat expulsion ; Cutaneous vasodilatation ; Cutaneous vasoconstriction ; Sudomotor nerve activity ; Laser-Doppler flowmetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To examine whether cutaneous active vasodilatation is mediated by sudomotor nerve fibres we recorded cutaneous blood flow and sweat rates continuously with laser-Doppler flowmetry and capacitance hygrometry, respectively, from the dorsal and plantar aspects of the foot in 11 male subjects at varying ambient temperatures (T a) between 22 and 40°C (relative humidity 40%). In a warmer environment (T a 29–40°C), predominant responses of the blood flow curve from the sole of the foot were transient depressions (negative blood flow responses, NBR), whereas those from the dorsal foot were transient increases (positive blood flow responses, PBR). The PBR on the dorsal foot occurred spontaneously or in response to mental or sensory stimuli, and when PBR did not fuse with each other the rate of PBR was linearly related to tympanic temperature. When dorsal foot sweating was continuous, PBR on the dorsal foot almost entirely synchronized with sweat expulsion. When dorsal foot sweating was intermittent PBR sometimes occurred on the dorsal foot without corresponding sweat expulsions, but these PBR showed a complete correspondence with subthreshold sweat expulsion seen on a methacholine-treated area. The amplitude and the duration of PBR showed a significant linear relationship with the amplitude and the duration of the corresponding sweat expulsion. In a thermoneutral or cooler environment (T a 22–29°C), PBR occurred on the sole of the foot when mental or sensory stimuli elicited sweating in that area. Thus, PBR occurred when and where sweating appeared. Atropine failed to abolish PBR on the dorsal foot. Blockade of the peroneal nerve eliminated both PBR and NBR on the dorsal foot. The results indicate that an active vasodilatation mechanism is present on the sole of the foot as well as on the dorsal foot, and thus suggest that active vasodilatation is closely related to sudomotor nerve activation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00511230
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