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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 6 (1973), S. 470-472 
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 215 (1967), S. 97-111 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Proben von linearem Polyäthylen (PÄ), die sich bezüglich ihres nichtkristallinen Anteils und ihrer Morphologie stark voneinander unterschieden, wurden mittels der Breitlinien-Protonenresonanz im Temperaturbereich von −210 °C bis 140 °C untersucht. Die Messungen wurden an folgenden Proben durchgeführt: (1) PÄ-Einkristalle, aus verdünnter Lösung gezüchtet; (2) PÄ-Einkristalle, deren Schlaufenoberflächen durch rauchende HNO3 entfernt worden waren; (3) aus der Schmelze kristallisiertes PÄ; (4) PÄ Kristalle mit ausgestreckten Ketten, die durch Kristallisation aus der Schmelze bei Drucken von ungefähr 5000 at erhalten wurden; (5) aus der Schmelze abgeschrecktes PÄ, und (6) verstrecktes PÄ, zu einer unorientierten Probe geformt. Neben anderen Größen wurden das zweite Moment 〈ΔH2〉 und der bewegliche AnteilF m als Funktionen der Temperatur bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse werden im Zusammenhang mit dem Problem der molekularen Bewegung in PÄ diskutiert, insbesondere den Bewegungsvorgängen bei tiefen Temperaturen (γ-Prozeß). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß derγ-Prozeß in nichtkristallinen Bereichen des PÄ stattfindet. Es wird vorgeschlagen, daß der demγ-Prozeß zugrunde liegende Bewegungsvorgang in Bereichen erheblicher Fehlordnung auftritt, wie etwa intralamellaren und interlamellaren nichtkristallinen Bereichen. Ein Beispiel für interlamellare nichtkristalline Bereiche sind die Molekülschlaufen an den Lamellenoberflächen der PÄ-Kristallite. Die Ergebnisse an PÄ-Einkristallen, sowohl aus verdünnter Lösung kristallisiert als auch mit HNO3 behandelt, weisen darauf hin, daß die Schlaufen tatsächlich amγ-Prozeß teilnehmen. Aufgrund von Modellen der Schlaufe erscheint es möglich, daß auch in einer scharfen Schlaufe gewisse Bewegungen auftreten können.
    Notes: Summary A series of samples of linear polyethylene (PE) widely varying in non-crystalline fraction and morphology, were studied by wide line NMR over a temperature range from −210 °C to 140 °C. The measurements were performed with the following samples: (1) PE single crystals, grown from dilute solution; (2) PE single crystals, the fold surfaces of which had been removed by a treatment with fuming HNO3; (3) PE crystallized from the melt; (4) extended chain crystals, obtained by crystallization from the melt under approximately 5000 atm. pressure; (5) PE quenched from the melt; and (6) drawn, randomized PE. Among other quantities the second moment 〈ΔH2〉 and the mobile fractionF m were determined as a function of the temperature. These data are discussed in connection with the problem of molecular motion in PE, in particular the motional process occurring at low temperatures (γ-process). The results show that theγ-process in PE takes place in non-crystalline regions. It is proposed that the motional mechanism involved in theγ-process resides in highly disordered regions, such as intralamellar gross imperfections and interlamellar non-crystalline regions. An example of the latter are chain folds at the lamella surfaces of the PE crystallites. The data on PE single crystals, as grown from dilute solution as well as HNO3 treated single crystals, suggest that the chain folds indeed engage in theγ-process. The consideration of models of the chain fold indicates that such motion of fold segments should be possible even in a rather sharp fold.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of the NMR second moment of a uniaxially oriented sample of polyethylene single crystals in the range of temperatures from -196°C to 130°C and its dependence on the alignment angle γ between the orientation axis (preferential direction of the molecular chains) and the NMR magnetic field are presented. The experimental results are discussed mainly with respect to the high temperature relaxation, called the α process, in polyethylene. They are compared to theoretical predictions made for a number of mechanisms of molecular motion in Part I of this work. Only one of the mechanisms considered is found to be in quantitative agreement with experiment, the mechanism here referred to as flip-flop motion. This consists of thermally activated rotational jumps of the crystalline chain segment between folds around its axis between two equilibrium sites in the lattice. Each rotational jump through 180° is accompanied by a shift of the molecule along its axis by one CH2 group. The discussion of the low-temperature relaxation of polyethylene, the γ process, is based partly on the above measurements and partly on measurements of second moments for unoriented polyethylene samples varying widely in morphology and noncrystalline content. The decrease of the second moment observed with these samples between -196°C and 20°C is taken as a measure of the intensity of the γ process. A linear correlation is found between the decrease in the second moment, designated ΔS, and the noncrystalline content, 1 - αm; this can be represented by ΔS = 1.4 + 22.1(1 - αm). It is shown that neither the crankshaft mechanism not the kink mechanism is able to account quantitatively for this result. The model of a chain end moving in a vacancy fails to adequately describe the angle dependence of ΔS in oriented polyethylene single crystals. The “sandwich model” of a polyethylene single crystal, in which the crystalline core is covered by noncrystalline surface layers, is in better agreement with observations.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 587-598 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: NMR measurements on undrawn polyethylene (PE) samples in contact with a solvent such as C2Cl4 indicate an increase in the mobility of the mobile chain segments as compared to dry samples. Highly drawn PE shows no such effect. This is because Sa, the sorption per unit mass of noncrystalline material present, decreases from 20.9 wt.-% (dry basis), found for undrawn quenched PE, to 0.63 wt.-% after drawing (Sa determined at 25°C. and 0.80 vapor activity). Drawing also reduces the segment mobility according to the NMR spectrum. It is shown that these effects are caused by considerable structural changes occurring in the noncrystalline regions of PE upon drawing. Annealing of drawn PE samples at successively higher temperatures leads to a gradual relaxation of the noncrystalline regions towards the state characteristic of undrawn PE. With increasing annealing temperature Sa as well as the mobility approach values found with undrawn PE.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 791-797 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The NMR second moment of a uniaxially oriented mat of single crystals of n-C32H66 (in the orthorhombic form) was measured at temperatures from -170°C to 70°C and at various alignment angles γ between the orientation axis (preferential direction of the molecular chains) and the NMR magnetic field. Accurate expressions are given for the NMR second moment of an orthorhombic normal paraffin CnH2n+2 of arbitrary molecular chain length n for n ≥ 10, in the following states of molecular motion: no motion (a rigid lattice), rotation of CH3 groups, and rotation of the chains around their axes with superimposed rotation of CH3 groups. In addition to these well-known motions, n-C32H66 is found to exhibit an α process. The corresponding decrease of the NMR second moment shows the dependence on γ predicted for “flip-flop” motion, i.e., rotational jumps of the chain molecules around their axes through 180° and a simultaneous translation along these axes by one CH2 group. The overall decrease in second moment occuring at the transition to the hexagonal rotator phase in n-C32H66 can be quantitatively accounted for. The dependence of this decrease on the alignment angle γ, however, is in disagreement with calculations based on a simple rotation of the chains around their axes. Considerable torsion of the chains superimposed on the rotation would improve agreement between theory and experiment.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 16 (1972), S. 865-870 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The difference between the hydraulic permeability K under a pressure gradient and the diffusive permeability P under a concentration gradient can be explained by the incipient viscous flow at high degree of swelling. This flow is opposed by the friction resistance of the macromolecules of the highly swollen membrane. It comes to an end at a critical swelling Hc when the number of permeant molecules is not more sufficient for a complete solvation of the macromolecules of the membrane. Below this swelling, K equals PV1/RT, where V1 is the molar volume of the permeant, and above it the difference K - PV1/RT is proportional to H/(1 - H) - Hc/(1 - Hc). The proportionality factor depends on the friction coefficient of the macromolecular segments and on the average lateral chain clustering. The data on poly(glycerol methacrylate) suggest that on the average the aggregates contain two chains.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 9 (1971), S. 2033-2042 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Wide-line NMR spectra of nylon 66 fibers have been obtained at different alignment angles between the fiber axis and the magnetic field, at varying water contents (H2O and D2O), and at different temperatures. At 28°C the spectrum of the dry fibers consists of a nearly structureless broad line. At water regains of 1.4% by weight (dry basis) and higher a sharp line appears which originates from highly mobile water molecules. The width of this line decreases with increasing water content, implying an increase of water mobility. Moreover, the width is a function of the alignment angle; this shows that the water is not reorienting isotropically owing to specific water-polymer interaction. The amount of mobile water is always smaller than the amount of water absorbed. At water contents close to saturation, a mobile polymer line appears with a width intermediate between the broad line (immobile polymer) and the sharp water line. This line, most clearly observed at an alignment angle of 0°, is due to a shift of the αa process to lower temperatures in the presence of water. A similar line is observed in the dry fibers at 120°C. It is shown that the αa process decreases the NMR second moment only slightly. The shift of the high temperature drop in second moment to lower temperatures in the presence of water is therefore interpreted as due to a shift of the αc process, and not of the αa process, to lower temperatures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 753-770 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Several molecular mechanisms, proposed in the literature for the low- and high-temperature relaxation processes in linear polyethylene and commonly referred to as γ and α processes, are examined, and their effect on the second moment of the broad line NMR absorption is predicted quantitatively. The following models for the α process are discussed: rotational oscillation of the long chain molecules around their axes, general two-site models where the chain performs thermally activated rotational jumps through an angle τ between two equilibrium positions, a particular two-site model (τ = 180°) denoted as flip-flop motion, and the kink model. For the γ process, the following molecular mechanism are considered: the kink model, a vacancy with a chain end, the crankshaft mechanism. The decrease of the second moment caused by these motions is considered. Characteristic differences between the motional models are predicted with respect to the anisotropy of the decrease in second moment in a uniaxially oriented sample and/or the magnitude of the overall decrease. These differences allow an experimental distinction between the different models.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 3179-3184 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Owing to the unique mechanisms operative in plasma polymerization, a thin layer of plasma polymer deposited on the surface of a substrate shows a tendency to expand, indicating an internal stress in the layer. This stress, σs, has been estimated from the observed curling of composite membranes in which the thickness of the plasma coating, d, is much smaller than the thickness of a flexible substrate, D, according to the relation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \sigma _S = ED^2 /6Rd $$\end{document} where R is the radius of the roll into which the composite films curl up and E is the modulus of the substrate polymer. The stress σs is found to depend on the kind of monomer used and to be of the order of magnitude 108-109 dynes/cm2 with most of the monomers here employed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 2209-2251 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Stress crazing is studied in three forms of crystalline, isotactic polypropylene (PP): (1) smectic/nonspherulitic, (2) monoclinic/nonspherulitic, and (3) monoclinic/spherulitic PP. Optical and scanning electron microscopy as well as stress - strain measurements are used to characterize crazing behavior in these three forms as a function of temperature (-210 to 60°C) and of the gaseous environment (vacuum, He, N2, Ar, O2, and CO2). Forms 1 and 2 are found to craze much like an amorphous, glassy polymer in the temperature range between -210 and -20°C, irrespective of environment. The plastic crazing strain is large close to the glass-transition range (ca. -20°C) of amorphous PP and in the neighborhood of the condensation temperature of the environmental gas. Near condensation, the gas acts as a crazing agent inasmuch as the stress necessary to promote crazing is lower in its presence than in vacuum. A gas is the more efficient as a crazing agent, the greater is its thermodynamic activity.Spherulitic PP (form 3) crazes in an entirely different manner from an amorphous, glassy polymer, showing that the presence of spherulites influences crazing behavior much more profoundly than the mere presence of a smectic or monoclinic crystal lattice. Below room temperature, crazes are generally restricted in length to a single spherulite, emanating from the center and going along radii perpendicular, within about 15°, to the direction of stress. They never go along spherulite boundaries. Gases near their condensation temperature act as crazing agents much as in nonspherulitic PP. Above room temperature the crazes are no longer related to the spherulite structure, being extremely long and perfectly perpendicular to the stress direction. Apparently the crystals are softened enough by thermally activated segmental motion to permit easy propagation of the craze. The morphology of the fracture surfaces and its dependence on temperature and environment is described and discussed. Concerning the action of gases as crazing agents it is argued that the gas is strongly absorbed at the craze tip, where stress concentration increases both the equilibrium gas solubility and the diffusion constant. Hence, a plasticized zone is formed having a decreased yield stress for plastic flow. This is considered to be the main mechanism by which the gas acts as a crazing agent. In addition, reduction of the surface energy of the polymer by the adsorbed gas eases the hole formation involved in crazing.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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