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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical impedance applied to non-invasive detection of irritation in skin (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 27 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Healthy volunteers were subjected to irritation by sodium lauryl sulphate at concentrations in the range 0.002% to 5.0% applied in Finn Chambers for 24 h. Test sites were visually assessed 1 h and 24 h niter cessation of exposure. At the same limes electrical impedance was measured with a new impedance device which allows non-invasive local measurements to a controlled depth. Close agreement between concentration and an irritation index calculated from electrical impedance parameters was found over the whole concentration range for most test persons- At concentrations below 0.2%, visual scores were zero. These results suggest that electrical impedance can ht; used as an objective tool to record irritation, and furl her that electrical impedance might be a more sensitive method than the commonly used visual readings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1992.tb05195.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mild and below threshold skin responses to sodium lauryl sulphate assessed by depth controlled electrical impedance (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Skin research and technology 3 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0846
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: There is a need for objective and noninvasive methods to quantify and classify weak reactions in the skin. We have explored the capacity of the electrical impedance technique to evaluate mild irritant skin reactions and responses below the clinical threshold by using low concentrations of sodium lauryl sulphate.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Methods: Twenty-one healthy subjects were patch tested with 0.004, 0.02, 0.1 and 0.5% sodium lauryl sulphate on both volar forearms. An unoccluded area was used as a reference site. Values were recorded before application and 24 h after removal of the chambers. The magnitude and phase of electrical impedance were measured in the frequency range 1 kHz to 1 MHz at five depth settings. Four indices were devised from the impedance data, and the values obtained were statistically analysed.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Results: Between day 1 and day 3, statistically significant differences were found from the concentration of 0.02%, and the significance level increased from depth 1 to depth 5.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Conclusion: Our results confirm that the electrical impedance method is a sensitive technique for detection of macroscopically negative responses induced by sodium lauryl sulphate, and that depth selection can be used to optimise the signal-to-noise ratio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.1997.tb00195.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinically normal atopic skin vs. non-atopic skin as seen through electrical impedance (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Skin research and technology 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0846
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background/aims: In an earlier study, we have shown that the electrical impedance (IMP) is dependent on the lipid content of the stratum corneum as studied by lipid extraction. Therefore, we now employ the IMP technique to compare the properties of clinically normal atopic skin with that of non-atopic skin. We looked at the same time at concomitant alterations in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin moisture results.Methods: Twenty-two healthy participants and 26 patients with atopic dermatitis were recruited. One test site on each volar forearm was used in the test procedure, of cyclohexane swabbing, skin stripping, and lipid extraction using a mixture of hexane:isopropanol. Responses were evaluated by measuring TEWL, skin moisture using electrical capacitance, and finally IMP spectroscopy in the frequency range 1 kHz to 1 MHz before the start of the study, after each step of the test procedure, and also during a 2 weeks recovery period.Results: Only the IMP results showed significant changes between baseline values of clinically normal atopic skin and healthy skin. Furthermore, IMP and TEWL showed significantly larger reactivity for the atopic group after the skin stripping procedure, and IMP after lipid extraction as well.Conclusion: Our results show that IMP is a useful method for detection of changes in the lipid content of the stratum corneum by discriminating healthy looking atopic skin from healthy control skin, and to detect changes in reactivity between the two groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2004.00065.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical impedance measurements at different skin sites related to seasonal variations (2000)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Skin research and technology 6 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0846
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background/aims: In a previous study we mapped differences in electrical impedance between different anatomical locations related to age and sex. Now we employ the electrical impedance technique for studying the seasonal variations for the same skin sites.Method: The investigation was performed on 48 healthy volunteers divided into two groups on the basis of sex. Readings of electrical impedance were taken from ten different body locations at each of the four seasons during one year. Electrical impedance spectra were measured in the frequency range 1 kHz to 1 MHz, and four impedance indices based on the complex impedance values at 20 kHz and 500 kHz were calculated.Results: The baseline values varied from one site to another and increased significantly for most sites from the winter to the summer, while the changes from October to March were negligible. Using ANOVA, the seasonal variation was found to be a more important factor than sex.Conclusions: Our results suggest that seasonal variations for different skin sites should be taken into consideration when using the electrical impedance technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0846.2000.006002081.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical impedance index in human skin: measurements after occlusion, in 5 anatomical regions and in mi Id irritant contact dermatitis (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 28 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The electrical impedance in 23 healthy volunteers at 2–6 different skin sites was measured with a new impedance device, which makes possible non-invasive local measurements to a controlled depth. In 11 subjects, the lest sites were occluded for 24 h using empty Finn Chambers and chambers with water, physiological saline, a paper disc or 0.002% sodium lauryl sulfate (SI.S). In the normal skin of 10 subjects, the electrical impedance was measured from 5 different body areas for 5 consecutive days. In 3 subjects, daily measurements for I month were done, both from normal skin and from skin following the application of 2% SLS. The results show that the irritation index based on electrical skin impedance gives little day-to-day variation at one and the same lest site, in comparison to the variations between different test sites on the same subject and the inter individual variations observed. Significant differences in impedance values between different anatomical regions of normal skin were found. Occlusion does not affect readings taken 24 h or later alter removal, but increases variance for readings taken 1 after removal. Effects on the skin of mild irritation and its recovery phase are easily monitored wslh the new device. Technology based on electrical impedance, in ils newly presented form, with the advantages of improved geometrical dellnilinn and depth control, can be used as an objective tool to measure skin irritation. For detection of subclinical irritant contact dermatitis, repeated readings taken over several days may be needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1993.tb03352.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of skin lesions and skin cancer using simple electrical impedance indices (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Skin research and technology 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0846
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background/aims: Purpose of this investigation was to assess benign pigmented cellular nevus (BEN), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), dermatofibroma (DER), dysplastic nevus (DYS), and seborrheic keratoses (SEB) using in vivo non- invasive electrical impedance technique.Methods: Electrical impedance was measured at 258 BEN, 34 BCC, 17 DER, 35 DYS, and 26 SEB lesions. Controls were measured at healthy skin close to the lesions. The impedance was measured between 1 kHz and 1 MHz at five depth settings. After the impedance measurements the lesions were histopathologically diagnosed. The impedance spectra were parameterized to four indices prior to the statistical analysis of the data.Results: There were significant differences between the lesions and their controls for BEN (P 〈 0.001), BCC (P 〈 0.001), DYS (P 〈 0.01), and SEB (P 〈 0.01).Conclusions: There are clear statistical differences between impedance of common lesions and control skin. With some further developments, the impedance technique can be useful as a diagnostic decision support tool for skin cancer assessment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0846.2003.00017.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allergic contact reactions in the skin assessed by electrical impedance – a pilot study (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Skin research and technology 3 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0846
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In our previous studies of the electrical impedance of the skin, we formulated a set of physical indices that could be used to distinguish between the cutaneous effects produced by different chemical irritants. We now describe an investigation of allergic contact reactions, using the same set of impedance indices for characterization.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Methods: Skin reactions were induced in the forearm of eight female patients who were allergic to nickel by exposure to nickel sulphate in petrolatum at various concentrations. The responses were evaluated by measurements of electrical impedance and transepidermal water loss, as well as by visual scoring and biopsy. Normal skin was used for controls.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Results: Different degrees of allergic contact reactions were produced, and the changes in value of the impedance indices were found to follow a particular pattern. This pattern diverged markedly from that obtained in controls, and the differences were statistically significant.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Conclusions: Our results suggest that, by the application of a technique based on electrical impedance, it will be possible to characterize allergic skin reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.1997.tb00173.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ability of betaine to reduce the irritating effects of detergents assessed visually, histologically and by bioengineering methods (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Skin research and technology 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0846
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background/aims: A novel approach for reducing the undesired irritating properties of detergents on skin might be offered by betaine, which is a natural product derived from the sugar beet. The aim of the study was to explore the ability of betaine to reduce the irritating effects of two surfactants, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and cocoamidopropylbetaine (CAPB). For evaluation of changes in skin reactions visual scoring, electrical impedance, transepidermal water loss and histology were used.Methods: Twenty-one healthy subjects were patch tested for 24 h with SLS and CAPB alone and together with betaine, betaine alone, and the two controls distilled water and an unoccluded test site on both volar forearms. Responses were evaluated by measuring electrical impedance and transepidermal water loss before exposure and 24 h after the removal of the test substances, and also by visual inspection and histology. The electrical impedance device enables measurements at 31 frequencies and relevant information was extracted from the spectra using four indices.Results: CAPB was found to be less irritating than SLS. The used detergents gave rise to distinctive impedance patterns also reflected by different types of histopathological skin responses. After the adding of betaine, the irritant reaction decreased for both detergents.Conclusions: Betaine is a promising ingredient to reduce the side effects of detergents and electrical impedance is a suitable tool both to quantify the degree of irritation as well as to differentiate between various types of reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0846.2003.00367.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of different concentrations of betaine as a reducing irritation agent in soaps monitored visually and non-invasively (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Skin research and technology 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0846
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background/aims: Products containing detergents can damage the skin and give rise to irritant contact dermatitis. Therefore, attempts have been made to find less irritating detergents as well as substances decreasing undesired side-effects of detergents, and a novel approach is offered by betaine. The aim of the study has been to determine the irritating properties of some liquid soaps for personal hygiene and to map the effect of different concentrations of betaine using electrical impedance, trans-epidermal water loss and visual inspection.Methods: Twenty-eight healthy subjects were patch tested with different commercial soaps with and without betaine and sodium lauryl sulphate on both volar forearms for 24 h. A site with distilled water and an unoccluded area were used as references. Responses of the skin reactions were evaluated by visual inspection and by measuring trans-epidermal water loss and electrical impedance before application and 24 h after removal of the chambers.Results/conclusions: Significant skin reactions were found for all soaps tested but the soaps containing betaine were the least irritating. However, the skin irritation did not decrease with increasing concentrations of betaine in the tested range. On the whole the differences between the products were not large. The non-invasive methods used were more sensitive than visual assessment for evaluation of invisible or barely visible skin responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0846.2003.00362.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation of skin properties within human forearms demonstrated by non-invasive detection and multi-way analysis (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Skin research and technology 8 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0846
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background/aim: It is known that the properties of human skin vary locally. The purpose of this study was to investigate the properties of human volar forearms even further using advanced non-invasive techniques and numerical methods.Methods: The skin properties of human volar forearms were investigated using measurements of trans epidermal water loss and multifrequency electrical impedance. Eight sites on the forearms of 27 healthy volunteers were measured. The sites were oriented as squares, four sites on both left and right forearm, approximately 40–50 mm apart.Results: Analysis of variance showed significant differences for epidermal water loss (P 〈 0.01) and the skin impedance (P 〈 0.001) between the inner and outer sides of the arms. Additionally, parallel factor analysis of the full skin impedance spectra also showed that there are systematic differences between right and left arm (P 〈 0.01).Conclusion: It is crucial to design skin studies carefully in order to minimise the effects of the local skin properties of human skin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0846.2002.20355.x
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