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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conjoined twin piglets with duplicated cranial and caudal axes (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 239 (1994), S. 224-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Cleft palate ; Diprosopic ; Dipygus ; Gonadal dysgenesis ; Porcine ; Swine-abnormalities ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: Twins with doubliong of the cranial and crudal poles, yet having a single thorax, are rare.Methods: One set of diprosopus, dipygus porcine conjoined twins was studied.Results: In addition to the conjoining anomaly, these twins also exhibited ambiguous internal reproductive features. The twins had two snouts, three eyes, a single thorax, and were duplicated from the umbilicus caudally. Radiography indicated a single vertebral column in the cervical region. The vertebral columns were separate caudally from this point. There was a total of six limbs - one pair of forelimbs and two pairs of hindlimbs. Many medial structures failed to develop in these twins. Medial cranial nerves V-XII were absent or displaced although apprarently normal laterally. The medial palates were present but shortened, whereas the medial mandibular rami had folded back on themselves rostrally to form a midline mass between the two chins. Each twin had only one lateral kidney and one lateral tests. Medial scrotal sacs were present but devoid of a testis. There was a midline, “uterine”-like structure which crossed between the twins. However, histological analysis of this structure revealed it to be dysplastic testicular tissue.Conclusions: The relationship between the abnormal reproductive features in these twins and the conjoining is unclear. The anatomy of these twins, in addition to the literature reviewed, illustrates the internal anatomical heterogeneity of grossly similar conjoined twins. A review of the literature also suggests that conjoined twinning may be more common in swine than was previously suspected. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092390213
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of a two-headed piglet (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 199 (1981), S. 441-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A live-born, one-day-old diprosopic piglet was presented to the Ontario Veterinary College. The piglet had a normal body with two heads, joined in the occipital region. There were two complete snouts, four eyes and three ears. The lower jaws were immobile because of overlapping mandibular rami. Although there was only one vertebral column, the bodies of the vertebrae, but not the neural arches, were doubled from the axis to T8. There was one thyroid gland and one larynx and hyoid apparatus. The two tongues were joined at their base just rostral to the single epiglottis. The palate was completely split in the right head but only partially split in the left. The cranial nerves were normal and doubled except for IX, X and XI. The brains were fused at the pons-medulla junction. An anomalous midline tag of neural tissue resembling remnants of the medial halves of two nervous systems extended from this point to the level of T8. Possible developmental mechanisms and rates of incidence are discussed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091990312
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-headed, two-necked conjoined twin calf with partial duplication of thoracoabdominal structures: Role of blastocyst hatching (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 217 (1987), S. 196-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Gross anatomical analysis of a derodidymic monosomic stillborn male calf from an embryo transfer recipient was carried out. Two normal heads were present on two necks which were fused at the shoulders. Although the ribs were abnormal in shape and number, there was one trunk and four legs. The vertebrae were double and partially fused from the thoracic region to the sacrum, which was singular and normal. In the thoracic region there was a single vertebral canal that contained two incompletely fused spinal cords which shared common meninges. In the lumbar region there was a spina bifida. The medial neck musculature was variously fused. Two esophagi entered one enlarged rumen and the liver and gall-bladder had extra lobes. Two sets of lungs occupied three pleural cavities and also part of the pericardial cavity. Two hearts were joined by a common cavernous venous sinous. The vasculature cranial to the heart reflected the doubling. The vasculature caudally was singular. The calf was uniscrotal and ipsilaterally cryptorchid. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that atypical “hatching,” that is, emergence of the blastocyst from the zona pellucida, may cause anomalous twinning.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092170212
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical and anatomical observations of a two-headed lamb (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 214 (1986), S. 432-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The clinical and anatomical features of a live-born diprosopic lamb are described. There are no complete anatomical analyses of two-faced lambs in the literature despite the frequency of conjoined twinning in sheep.The lamb had two heads fused in the occipital region. Each head had two eyes. The pinnae of the medial ears were fused. Caudal to the neck the lamb appeared grossly normal. The lamb was unable to raise its heads or stand. Both heads showed synchronous sucking motions and cranial reflexes were present. Nystagmus, strabismus, and limb incoordination were present. The respiratory and heart rates were elevated. There was a grade IV murmur over the left heart base and a palpable thrill on the left side. Each head possessed a normal nasopharynx, oropharynx, and tongue. There was a singular laryngopharnyx and esophagus although the hyoid apparatus was partially duplicated. The cranial and cervical musculature reflected the head duplications. The aortic trunk emerged from the right ventricle just to the right of the conus arteriosus. A ventricular septal defect, patent foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus were present along with malformed atrioventricular valves. Brainstem fusion began at the cranial medulla oblongata between cranial nerves IX and XII. The cerebella were separate but small. The ventromedial structures from each medulla oblongata were compressed into an extraneous midline remnant of tissue which extended caudally to the level of T2. The clinical signs therefore reflected the anatomical anomalies. A possible etiology for this diprosopus might be the presence early in development of an excessively large block of chordamesoderm. This would allow for the formation of two head folds and hence two “heads.”.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092140415
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