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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numb isoforms containing a short PTB domain promote neurotrophic factor-induced differentiation and neurotrophic factor withdrawal-induced death of PC12 Cells (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 82 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The development of the nervous system is regulated by trophic signals that control cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Numb is an evolutionarily conserved protein identified by its ability to control cell fate in the nervous system of Drosophila. Mammals express four isoforms of Numb that differ in the length of a phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain and a proline-rich region (PRR). Using PC12 cells stably expressing each of the human isoforms, we show that Numb regulates sensitivity of the cells to neurotrophic factor-induced differentiation and neurotrophic factor withdrawal-induced death in an isoform-specific manner. Numb isoforms containing a short PTB domain enhance the differentiation response to NGF and enhance apoptosis upon NGF withdrawal; Numb isoforms containing a long PTB domain exhibit the same sensitivity to NGF as vector-transfected cells. These effects of Numb were found to be independent of the length of the PRR. In undifferentiated conditions, the levels of full-length TrkA and of phosphorylated p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) are increased in cells expressing Numb isoforms with a short PTB domain, indicating an up-regulation of NGF signaling pathways. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the mechanism whereby short PTB domain Numb isoforms sensitize cells to trophic factor deprivation-induced apoptosis involves elevations in intracellular calcium concentrations. Our results suggest that Numb sensitizes cells to neurotrophin responses in an isoform-specific manner, an effect that may play an important role in the development and plasticity of the nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01036.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    All-trans- and 9-cis-Retinoic Acid Enhance the Cholinergic Properties of a Murine Septal Cell Line: Evidence that the Effects Are Mediated by Activation of Retinoic Acid Receptor-α (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 65 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: We investigated the effects of retinoids on the cholinergic properties of a murine septal cell line, SN56. Treatment of the cells with all-trans-retinol (vitamin A), all-trans-retinal, all-trans-retinoic acid (t-RA), 9-cis-retinoic acid (9c-RA), or 13-cis-retinoic acid caused time- and concentration-dependent increases in choline acetyltransferase activity (up to 3.4-fold) and in intracellular acetylcholine levels (up to 2.5-fold, with respective EC50 values of 68, 50, 18, 15, and 56 nM). Furthermore, treatment with either t-RA or 9c-RA at 1 µM for 48 h resulted in an increase in the expression of choline acetyltransferase mRNA by threefold that of controls. These data and the presence of putative retinoic acid response elements in the 5′ region of the murine choline acetyltransferase gene indicate that retinoids stimulate choline acetyltransferase transcription in murine cholinergic neurons. No additivity or synergism was observed between the effects of t-RA and 9c-RA on any of these cholinergic properties of SN56 cells, suggesting a common mechanism of action of the two retinoids. However, a combined treatment with t-RA and forskolin, which activates adenylate cyclase, resulted in an additive increase in acetylcholine content. Using an antagonist selective for the retinoic acid receptor-α subtype, Ro 41-5253, we found that the effects of t-RA and 9c-RA on acetylcholine levels were abolished. An agonist selective for retinoic acid receptor-α, Ro 40-6055, increased acetylcholine levels to a similar extent as t-RA and 9c-RA, and this effect was blocked by the antagonist. Our results suggest that retinoids modulate the cholinergic phenotype of septal neurons by activation of retinoic acid receptor-α.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.65010050.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Presenilins, the Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Neuronal Apoptosis in Alzheimer's Disease (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 70 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Many cases of autosomal dominant inherited forms of early-onset Alzheimer's disease are caused by mutations in the genes encoding presenilin-1 (PS-1; chromosome 14) and presenilin-2 (PS-2; chromosome 1). PSs are expressed in neurons throughout the brain wherein they appear to be localized primarily to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of cell bodies and dendrities. PS-1 and PS-2 show high homology and are predicted to have eight transmembrane domains with the C terminus, N terminus, and a loop domain all on the cytosolic side of the membrane; an enzymatic cleavage of PSs occurs at a site near the loop domain. The normal function of PSs is unknown, but data suggest roles in membrane trafficking, amyloid precursor protein processing, and regulation of ER calcium homeostasis. Homology of PSs to the C. elegans gene sel-12, which is involved in Notch signaling, and phenotypic similarities of PS-1 and Notch knockout mice suggest a developmental role for PSs in the nervous system. When expressed in cultured cells and transgenic mice, mutant PSs promote increased production of a long form of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ1-42) that may possess enhanced amyloidogenic and neurotoxic properties. PS mutations sensitize cultured neural cells to apoptosis induced by trophic factor withdrawal, metabolic insults, and amyloid β-peptide. The mechanism responsible for the proapoptotic action of mutant PSs may involve perturbed calcium release from ER stores and increased levels of oxidative stress. Recent studies of apoptosis in many different cell types suggest that ER calcium signaling can modulate apoptosis. The evolving picture of PS roles in neuronal plasticity and Alzheimer's disease is bringing to the forefront the ER, an organelle increasingly recognized as a key regulator of neuronal plasticity and survival.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70010001.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Mechanism for the Neuroprotective Effect of Apolipoprotein E (2000)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Journal of neurochemistry 74 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Inheritance of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) ε4 allele increases the risk for Alzheimer's disease and may also influence the pathogenesis of other neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The influence of apoE genotype on disease susceptibility must ultimately be explained by the fact that apoE proteins differ in only two amino acids: apoE2 has two cysteine residues, apoE3 has one cysteine residue, and apoE4 has none. We previously reported increased protein modification by the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), which covalently binds to proteins on cysteine residues, in human ALS lumbar spinal cord. We now report increased levels of HNE-modified apoE in lumbar spinal cord samples from mice expressing an ALS-linked mutation in Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase relative to controls. Studies of interactions of pure apoE proteins with HNE showed that the isoforms differ in the amount of HNE they can bind, with the order E2 〉 E3 〉 E4. This correlated with the differential ability of apoE isoforms to protect against apoptosis induced by HNE in cultures of mouse spinal cord motor neurons and by the amyloid β-peptide in cultures of rat hippocampal neurons. These data suggest that apoE plays a major role in detoxifying HNE, and the differential neuroprotective effect of its isoforms may help explain the relationship between apoE genotype and the susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0741426.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arachidonic acid increases choline acetyltransferase activity in spinal cord neurons through a protein kinase C-mediated mechanism (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 90 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Arachidonic acid (AA) plays an important role as a signaling factor in the CNS. Therefore, exposure to AA may affect cholinergic neurons in the spinal cord. To test this hypothesis, mRNA expression and activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was measured in cultured spinal cord neurons treated with increasing concentrations (0.1–10 µm) of AA. Exposure to AA increased mRNA levels and activity of ChAT in dose- and time-dependent manners. The most marked effect of AA on ChAT expression was observed in spinal cord neurons treated with 10 µm AA for 1 h. To study the mechanisms associated with these effects, ChAT mRNA levels and activity were measured in cultured spinal cord neurons exposed to AA and inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), such as 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dichloride (H-7) and chelerythrine. Inhibition of PKC completely prevented an AA-induced increase in ChAT expression. In addition, exposure of spinal cord neurons to phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), an activator of PKC, mimicked AA-induced stimulation of ChAT activity. The AA-mediated increase in ChAT mRNA levels and activity was also prevented by treatments with EGTA, indicating the role of calcium metabolism in induction of this enzyme. In contrast, treatments with 7-nitroindazole (7-NI, a specific inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase), sodium vanadate (NaV, a non-specific inhibitor of phosphatases), and N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC, an antioxidant) had no effect on AA-induced changes in ChAT activity. The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide completely blocked AA-mediated increase in ChAT activity. These results indicate that the AA-evoked increase in ChAT activity in spinal cord neurons is mediated by PKC, presumably at the transcriptional level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02535.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Asymptotic expansions of the electron momentum densities of the atoms from hydrogen through lawrencium (1987)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 87 (1987), S. 1212-1215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The first three coefficients in each of the small p Maclaurin and large p asymptotic expansions of the spherically averaged electron momentum densities of the ground states of the 103 neutral atoms from hydrogen through lawrencium, 73 atomic cations and 41 atomic anions are calculated from nonrelativistic self-consistent-field wave functions. These coefficients should be useful in the analysis of experimental Compton profiles. An analysis of the periodic behavior of these coefficients is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.453301
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local density functional approximations and conjectured bounds for momentum moments (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 38 (1990), S. 327-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-7608
    Keywords: Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling ; Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Self consistent field wave functions of good, and in many cases of near Hartree-Fock, quality are used to test local density functional approximations to momentum moments for 122 linear molecules. Heuristic corrections to the local density functionals are suggested. The modified functionals for the kinetic energy and mean momentum have median errors less than 0.6% and maximum errors less than 1.7% on this large sample of 122 molecules. Moreover, the functionals correctly approach the Thomas-Fermi limit for large N, and should be competitive with gradient expansions. No counter examples were found for some previously conjectured [J. Chem. Phys. 85, 958 (1986)] bounds; serious efforts to prove them rigorously are invited.
    Additional Material: 10 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560382433
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