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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A search for human influences on the thermal structure of the atmosphere (1996)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 382 (1996), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The observed spatial patterns of temperature change in the free atmosphere from 1963 to 1987 are similar to those predicted by state-of-the-art climate models incorporating various combinations of changes in carbon dioxide, anthropogenic sulphate aerosol and stratospheric ozone ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/382039a0
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Voluntary Obligations and the Scope of the Law of Contract (1996)
    New York : Cambridge University Press
    Legal theory 2 (1996), S. 325-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1352-3252
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Law
    Notes: By building upon Raz's analysis of the spectrum of voluntary obligations, the author produces a typology of agreements, and then assesses the extent to which these different kinds of agreements underpin the common law of contract. While recognizing that the law of contract purports to deal with a broad range of voluntarily undertaken obligations, the typology of agreements suggests that the present law is primarily suited to dealing only with bargains. This suggests that there are situations in which agreements should be legally recognized, but which should not be dealt with by all of the conceptual tools of contract law, for these agreements and voluntary undertakings serve the interests of those undertaking them in significantly different ways than do bargains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1352325200000562
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of the climate system to atmospheric aerosols and greenhouse gases (1994)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 369 (1994), S. 734-737 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Anthropogenic emissions of sulphur dioxide from industrial activity, fossil-fuel combustion and biomass burning are now known to be large enough (relative to natural sources) to produce significant increases in sulphate aerosol abundances. The resulting increased particle concentration in the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/369734a0
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large contribution of organic aerosols to cloud-condensation-nuclei concentrations (1993)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 365 (1993), S. 823-826 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Our analysis is based on the results obtained in March-April 1992 as part of our field project on El Yunque peak (18° 19' N, 65° 45' W; elevation 1,000m), located on the eastern end of Puerto Rico. Previous results show that this site, exposed to trade winds, is subject to SC〉4 ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/365823a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Climate forcing by carbonaceous and sulfate aerosols (1998)
    Springer
    Climate dynamics 14 (1998), S. 839-851 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  An atmospheric general circulation model is coupled to an atmospheric chemistry model to calculate the radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols. The latter aerosols result from biomass burning as well as fossil fuel burning. The black carbon associated with carbonaceous aerosols is absorbant and can decrease the amount of reflected radiation at the top-of-the-atmosphere. In contrast, sulfate aerosols are reflectant and the amount of reflected radiation depends nonlinearly on the relative humidity. We examine the importance of treating the range of optical properties associated with sulfate aerosol at high relative humidities and find that the direct forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols can decrease from −0.81 W m-2 to −0.55 Wm-2 if grid box average relative humidity is not allowed to increase above 90%. The climate forcing associated with fossil fuel emissions of carbonaceous aerosols is calculated to range from +0.16 to +0.20 Wm-2, depending on how much organic carbon is associated with the black carbon from fossil fuel burning. The direct forcing of carbonaceous aerosols associated with biomass burning is calculated to range from −0.23 to −0.16 Wm-2. The pattern of forcing by carbonaceous aerosols depends on both the surface albedo and the presence of clouds. Multiple scattering associated with clouds and high surface albedos can change the forcing from negative to positive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003820050259
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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