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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromosoma 25 (1968), S. 21-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The duration of DNA replication of eu- and heterochromatin in kidney epithelial cell cultures of female Microtus agrestis was determined with combined H3-thymidine pulse labelling and cytophotometric determination of Feulgen DNA. The average duration of the total cell cycle was 23.3 hrs, with a G1 period of 14.6 hrs, S period of 5 hrs, G2 period of 2.7 hrs, and mitosis of 1 hr. The replication time of eu- and heterochromatin was determined by the frequency of the different labelling patterns after pulse labelling. The time sequence of the labelling patterns was ascertained by DNA measurements. During the S period, euchromatin replicates at first alone for 3 hrs (60% of the length of S) and 1 hr (19.3%) together with heterochromatin. During the last hour (20.7%), only heterochromatic regions replicate. The sex chromatin part of the one X chromosome starts synthesis 20 minutes (7.3% of S) before the remainder of the heterochromatic X material and ends 30 minutes (9.7% of S) prior to the termination of the S period. Replication of euchromatin takes about 80% of the duration of the total S period, whereas that of heterochromatin takes only 40%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromosoma 22 (1967), S. 378-389 
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract X-chromosome behaviour of female Microtus agrestis in interphase nuclei with and without large chromocenters was examined in cultured epithelial and fibroblast cells. By means of pulse-labeling, the configuration of the X-chromosomes in these nuclei can be illustrated; staining with pararosaniline-methylgreen seems to be most suitable. According to the replication behaviour, three types of chromatin can be discerned in the X-chromosomes: early replicating euchromatin, late replicating sex chromatin, and very late replicating heterochromatin. In fibroblasts only the sex chromatin forms a single, small chromocenter; in epithelial cells both the sex chromatin and the remaining heterochromatin form large chromocenters. Both types of heterochromatin replicate their DNA in the condensed state. It seems likely that the late replicating segments of the X-chromosomes (sex chromatin and remaining heterochromatin) are condensed in every cell, but they may not always be configurated or even visible as typical chromocenters; these segments could be distributed over a wide range of compact to more or less diffuse superstructures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromosoma 46 (1974), S. 225-232 
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In tissue cultures of male Microtus agrestis, diploid mitoses with two X or two Y chromosomes were found. For identifiying the sex chromosomes in nonhypotonioally treated mitoses, the asynchrony of DNA replication of the sex chromosomes of both sexes was used. The constitutive heterochromatin of Y replicates later in the S period than X, and X2 of the female replicates later than X1. Autoradiographic studies of tetraploid tripolar mitoses showed that the diploid daughter nuclei contain either XX or YY in the male; in the female, X1X2 daughter nuclei were found less frequently than X1X1 and X2X2 cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 30 (1972), S. 82-96 
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Zellstruktur von Leberzellen der Erdmaus, Microtus agrestis, wurde nach Giemsafärbung, Feulgenbehandlung, Behandlung mit Ribonuklease und nach Färbung des konstitutiven Heterochromatins untersucht. Das konstitutive Heterochromatin ist in Leberzellen nicht heteropyknotisch, das fakultative Heterochromatin ist im weiblichen Geschlecht als Sexchromatinkörperchen sichtbar. Bestimmungen des relativen DNS-Gehalts ergaben, daß die Zahl der Sexchromatinkörperchen der Ploidie der Zellkerne proportional ist. Die Nukleolen liegen in Hepatozyten oft randständig; in 59% der diploiden Zellkerne sind 2 Nukleolen enthalten. Nach Anfärbung der repetitiven DNS werden oft auch die Nukleolen gefärbt, nach Ribonukleasebehandlung tritt dieser Effekt nicht auf. Das konstitutive Heterochromatin wird in Form von 2 langen fädigen Strukturen sichtbar.
    Notes: Summary The nuclear structure of parenchymal liver cells of embryo and adult Microtus agrestis was studied in smear and section preparations after staining with Giemsa solution and treatment according to Feulgen, after treatment with ribonuclease and after specific staining of constitutive heterochromatin. In liver cell nuclei only the facultative heterochromatin is heteropycnotic, a sex chromatin body is observable in female but not in male animals. Constitutive heterochromatin is not heteropycnotic in liver cells. Measurements of the relative DNA content showed that nuclei with one sex chromatin body are diploid; tetraploid nuclei possess two and octoploid nuclei four sex chromatin bodies. Solely in the diploid cell nuclei of the intrahepatic gall ducts two large chromocenters are found. The nucleoli in hepatocytes often lie at the perimeter of the nucleus. 17% of the diploid nuclei contain one nucleolus, 59% two nucleoli, 23% three and 1% four. After staining of repetitive DNA, the nucleoli often become stained as well; after treatment with ribonuclease this effect does not occur. The constitutive heterochromatin becomes visible in form of two long, threadlike structures. After longer periods of dissociation the sex chromatin body ceases to be visible. Sex chromatin and constitutive heterochromatin are contiguous to the nucleoli.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 8 (1969), S. 217-229 
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In unbehandelten Nierenepithel-und Fibroblastenkulturen von Microtus agrestis wurden Brüche, Deletionen und Translokationen an den heterochromatischen langen Armen von X-und Y-Chromosomen in 2% aller Mitosen eines weiblichen und 3% der Mitosen eines männlichen Tieres gefunden. In tetraploiden Mitosen sind Deletionen häufiger als in diploiden zu finden. Die Deletionen treten sowohl auf dem X1 und X2 des Weibchens als auch auf dem X und Y des Männchens auf. Längenmessungen an normalen und deletierten Chromosomen ergaben, daß die bevorzugte Bruchlokalisation beim X-Chromosom am Übergang vom proximalen zum mittleren Drittel der langen Arme liegt, beim Y in der Mitte der langen Arme. Es wurden Translokationen der azentrischen Fragmente auf die langen Arme von X-Chromosomen und Fusion deletierter X-Chromosomen zu dizentrischen Chromosomen beobachtet, jedoch keine Translokation auf euchromatische Chromosomen. Das häufigere Auftreten von ein oder zwei deletierten Chromosomen in tetraploiden Zellen wird durch Fusion zweier diploider (Schwester-) Kerne in zweikernigen Zellen erklärt die durch Mitose ohne nachfolgende Plasmateilung einer diploiden Zelle mit Chromatidbruch oder deletiertem Chromosome entstanden sind.
    Notes: Summary Breaks, deletions and translocations of the heterochromatic long arms of the X and Y chromosomes were found in 2% of all female mitoses and 3% of male mitoses of untreated kidney epithelial cell and fibroblast cultures of Microtus agrestis. Deletions are more frequent in tetraploid than in diploid mitoses. Deletions were found in the X1 and X2 of the female as well as in the X and Y of the male. Length measurements of normal and deleted chromosomes showed that the breaks in the X are preferentially located between the proximal and middle third of the long arm, whereas in the Y chromosome they are near the middle of the long arm. Translocations of acentric fragments to the long arms of X chromosomes and fusions of deleted X chromosomes resulting in dicentric chromosomes were also observed, but no translocations to euchromatic chromosomes could be found. The relatively high frequency of one or two deleted chromosomes in tetraploid cells is explained by a fusion of two diploid (sister-) nuclei in binucleated cells resulting from mitosis without cytoplasmic division of diploid cells with a break of a chromatid or a deleted chromosome.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 98 (1969), S. 421-436 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Gehirnzellen und Nierenepithelkulturen der Erdmaus, Microtus agrestis, wurden Struktur und Position der Interphasechromozentren untersucht. Die Chromozentren, die von den heterochromatischen Abschnitten der Riesen-Geschlechtschromosomen gebildet werden, erscheinen in Nervenzellen kompakt, in Nierenepithelkulturzellen von unterschiedlichem Kondensationszustand, der vom Zellzyklus unabhängig ist. In Gehirnausstrichen finden sich in 2/3 der Kerne 2 Chromozentren, in 1/3 ein einziges, doppelt großes Chromozentrum, das durch Fusion entstanden ist. Untersuchungen an in Orcein-Essigsäure suspendierten Gehirnzellen zeigen, daß in 88% der Kerne mit fusionierten Chromozentren das Chromozentrum an der Kernmembran, in 12% frei im Kerninneren liegt. In Kernen mit 2 isolierten Chromozentren liegen diese immer an der Kernmembran. Messungen des Abstandes der (in diploiden Kernen) 2 Chromozentren ergeben, daß die Chromozentren 2 Positionen bevorzugen: die Fusion zu einem doppelt großen Chromozentrum und die genau gegenüberliegende Position. Die Verteilung der Abstände deutet auf die Möglichkeit hin, daß sich zumindest die heterochromatischen Chromosomen von einem gewissen Schwellenabstand an somatisch paaren. Eine völlige Übereinstimmung der Position der Chromozentren in Schwesterkernen läßt sich sowohl bei einkernigen getrennten Schwesterzellen als auch in zweikernigen Zellen, die aus einer einkernigen Mutterzelle hervorgegangen sind, beobachten.
    Notes: Summary Structure and position of chromocenters in interphase nuclei of Microtus agrestis (brain tissue and cultured kidney epithelial cells) were investigated. The chromocenters derived from heterochromatic portions of the very large sex chromosomes appear to be compact in nerve cells and variably condensed in cultured kidney epithelial cells. This variation in condensation is independent of the cell cycle. In smear preparations of brain tissue two thirds of the nuclei contain two chromocenters, whereas one third of the nuclei show one double sized chromocenter, presumably a fusion of two. Suspensions of nerve cells in orcein-acetic acid show that the large fused chromocenters are attached to the nuclear membrane in 88% of the nuclei with one chromocenter. If two isolated chromocenters are present they are always localized adjacent to the nuclear membrane. Measurements of the distance between the two chromocenters show a prevalence of two types of positions: a fusion to a double sized chromocenter and a vis-a-vis position. The frequency distribution of the distances suggest a tendency of somatic pairing of the heterochromatic chromosomes if they come close enough together. In mononucleated sister cells and in sister nuclei of binucleated cells derived from a mononucleated mother cell the position of the chromocenters is identical in the two nuclei.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Pars tuberalis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ; Propylthiouracil (PTU) ; Thyroxine (T4) ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pars tuberalis (pt) of the adenohypophysis is unique in its close spatial relationship to the neurohemal contact area of the median eminence. The morphology of pt-specific secretory cells does not resemble cell types of the pars distalis (pd); the functional role of these cells within the endocrine system is still unknown. One group of young mature female Wistar rats received propylthiouracil (PTU), a second group thyroxine (T4) (10 mg/l each in drinking water) from about 3 weeks prior to the expected pregnancy and throughout the experiment. On gestation day 20, the fetuses were obtained by laparatomy. Serial sections from the rostral portion of the pt and from the pd were immunostained using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. TSH concentrations were determined by RIA in serum and pituitaries; T4 was measured in serum. An antiserum against rat (r) TSH revealed a moderate positive reaction of nearly all cells of the pt in the control group. In both experimental groups the pt-specific cells showed weak or no immunoreactivity. Sections of all groups were negative with anti(r)-LH,-GH,-PRL. In contrast to controls, only a few immature TSH-cells could be found in sections of the pd in the T4-group, while concentrations of TSH in blood and hypophysis were very low. TSH-cells in the PTU-group were enlarged and less intensely stained. TSH-concentrations were decreased in the hypophysis, blood levels were elevated. All sections of the pd-specific cell populations showed positive immunoreactions with anti(r)-LH,-GH,-PRL. The present results suggest that pt-specific secretory cells of the fetal rat possess TSH immunoreactivity but do not resemble the thyrotropes of the pd. Marked differences in immunoreactivity displayed by the experimental groups indicate that pt-specific cells respond to changes in the fetal thyroid status and are a component of the thyroid-regulating system in addition to the thyrotropes of the pd. This novel aspect of pt function is discussed in connection with recent results concerning melatonin receptors found in the pt and the inhibitory influence of the pineal gland exerted on the thyroid gland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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