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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Granules of human eosinophilic leucocytes and their mobilization (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 31 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01138.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of the neutrophil-activating CXC chemokine ENA-78/CXCL5 by human eosinophils (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 33 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Eosinophils are seen at sites of inflammation in diseases such as helminthic infestation, asthma, ulcerative colitis and some neoplastic diseases. They are also associated with connective tissue remodelling, for example in longstanding asthma. In the present study, we investigated whether eosinophils express the CXC chemokine epithelial cell-derived neutrophil activating peptide (ENA-78/CXCL5), a chemokine that can activate neutrophils and in addition possesses angiogenic properties.Immunocytochemistry detected CXCL5 in eosinophils and the peptide was localized in the specific granules by immunoelectron microscopy.Methods and Results In eosinophil lysates, 12 ± 2 pg (mean ± SEM) of CXCL5 was detected per 106 cells by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Weak constitutive expression of CXCL5, as well as the related CXC chemokine IL−8/CXCL8, could be detected in freshly isolated eosinophils by RT–PCR. However, during prolonged incubation of eosinophils, a strong increase in both CXCL5 and IL-8/CXCL8 expression was seen, as detected by RT-PCR, and increasing amounts of CXCL5 peptide with time were detected in the incubation medium by ELISA. Addition of TNF-α neutralizing antibodies during prolonged incubation significantly inhibited CXCL5 production, demonstrating involvement of auto- and paracrine effects from TNF-α produced by eosinophils themselves. Addition of IFN-γ showed a strong inhibitory effect on CXCL5 synthesis.Conclusion These findings suggest that, through expression of CXCL5, eosinophils can recruit and activate CXC receptor 2 (CXCR2)-bearing cells such as neutrophils at sites of inflammation. Eosinophils may also promote connective tissue remodelling through release of this peptide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01609.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alpha-1-antitrypsin is present in the specific granules of human eosinophilic granulocytes (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 31 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Eosinophils may be found at sites of inflammation, for example in asthma, allergy and helminthic infestation, but their role in human inflammatory disease is unclear.In the present study, we investigated the presence of alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), a serine proteinase inhibitor, in human eosinophils.When lysates of highly purified eosinophils were subjected to Western blotting, with a chemiluminescent substrate, immunoreactive bands were seen. An ELISA was developed to measure the AAT content, which was found to be about 100 ng/5 × 106 eosinophils, about 50 ng/5 × 106 neutrophils, and about 25 ng/5 × 106 monocytes. Immunoelectron microscopy showed localization of AAT to the specific granules of eosinophils. During prolonged incubation of eosinophils, no significant increase in the total amount of AAT could be detected by ELISA. However, there was an increased level of AAT in the medium, in parallel with a decrease in the intracellular AAT content, suggesting release of preformed AAT. Apparent complex formation between iodinated elastase and AAT in eosinophil lysates provided evidence that the AAT is functionally active.On the basis of these findings it is suggested that by releasing AAT, eosinophils may, in a microenvironment, play a role in counteracting the tissue damage caused by serine proteinases released by neutrophils in inflammatory conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01017.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Representative democracy and capital taxation
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Public Economics 55 (1994), S. 53-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0047-2727
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0047-2727(94)90080-9
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Budesonide enema active haemorrhagic proctitis—a controlled trial against hydrocortisone foam enema (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: The aim was to compare budesonide enema, 2 mg/100 mL (Entocort) and hydrocortisone acetate foam enema, 125 mg (Colifoam) in patients with active haemorrhagic proctitis. Methods: The trial was a controlled, randomized, investigator-blind study with two parallel groups. Endoscopy, histology and diary cards were used to assessed the response to therapy. Safety was assessed by laboratory tests and adverse event recording. Results: Seventy-two patients were included. Investigations were made before treatment and after 2 and 4 weeks. Both treatment groups showed statistically significant improvement in endoscopic scores but significant differences between the groups were not found. In the hydrocortisone group, plasma cortisol was significantly lowered after 4 weeks compared with budesonide. Bowel habits and quality of life variables did not differ between the treatments. The recorded adverse events were mild or moderate and may have been due to the proctitis. Conclusions: These results suggest that budesonide enema is as effective as hydrocortisone foam enema, but without the potential for side-effects associated with suppression of plasma cortisol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.1994.tb00335.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Budesonide versus prednisolone retention enemas in active distal ulcerative colitis (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Methods: Efficacy and safety of the topically acting glucocorticosteroid budesonide retention enema (2.3 mg/ 11 5 mL) were compared with prednisolone disodium phosphate enema (31.25 mg/125 mL) in patients with active distal ulcerative colitis. The study was a randomized, multicentre trial, with two parallel groups and single-blind to the investigator. One hundred patients with active ulcerative colitis, not reaching beyond the splenic flexure as determined by endoscopy, were treated for up to 8 weeks. Results: Forty-five patients were randomized to receive budesonide and 5 5 to prednisolone. Both treatment groups improved significantly in terms of endoscopic and histological scoring during the study, but there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. Clinical remission, defined as no more than three daily bowel movements without blood and endoscopically non-inflamed mucosa, was achieved in 16% of the patients in the budesonide group after four weeks and in 24% in the prednisolone group (N.S.).After 8 weeks treatment the clinical remission rate in the groups had increased to 36 % for budesonide and 47% for prednisolone (N.S.).Mean morning plasma cortisol levels were unchanged in the budesonide group, whereas they were significantly suppressed in the prednisolone group after 2, 4 and 8 weeks (P 〈 0.0001). Side effects were mild and rare in both groups. Conclusions: Treatment with budesonide enema in active distal ulcerative colitis was comparable, regarding efficacy, to treatment with conventional prednisolone enema. A prolongation of the treatment time from 4 to 8 weeks doubled the clinical remission rate in both groups. However, budesonide may be preferable to prednisolone since it causes less systemic effects as reflected by a lack of plasma cortisol suppression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.1994.tb00340.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Budesonide as maintenance treatment in Crohn's disease: a placebo-controlled trial (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Aim : To assess the efficacy and safety of budesonide capsules 6 mg daily for prolongation of time to relapse and maintenance of remission in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) affecting the ileum and/or ascending colon.Methods : In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial, 110 patients with CD, who had previously achieved remission in a placebo-controlled trial of budesonide 9 mg daily, were randomly assigned to receive budesonide 6 mg once daily or placebo for 52 weeks. Primary outcome measure was time to relapse [CD activity index (CDAI) of 〉150 plus an increase of at least 60 points from study entry or withdrawal due to clinical deterioration].Results : Median time to relapse was 360 days for budesonide patients; 169 days for placebo patients (P = 0.132). No significant differences were seen between groups in relapse rates at 1 year. Budesonide was safe and well tolerated, with a similar adverse events profile to placebo.Conclusion : Patients treated with budesonide 6 mg once daily had a trend towards a prolonged time to relapse and lower CDAI scores compared with patients treated with placebo, but relapse rates were not significantly different at the 1-year end point.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02338.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of budesonide controlled ileal release capsules in children and adults with active Crohn's disease (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 17 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background : Systemic glucocorticosteroid therapy is effective in Crohn's disease, but is associated with side-effects. Budesonide has high topical anti-inflammatory activity, but considerably lower systemic activity than other oral glucocorticosteroids.Aim : To evaluate the systemic exposure to budesonide (controlled ileal release capsules) in children and adults with active Crohn's disease, and to assess the suppression of plasma cortisol.Methods : In an open label study, patients (eight children and six adults) with active Crohn's disease received 9 mg budesonide (Entocort capsules) orally once daily for 7 days. Plasma concentrations were determined on the seventh day of administration, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. For reference, 0.5 mg budesonide was given intravenously separately. Plasma cortisol levels were compared with the pre-treatment baseline values.Results : Systemic exposure to budesonide (AUC0−24 h) after 1 week of oral administration was 41 ± 21 nmol/L × h (mean ± s.d.) in children and 35 ± 20 nmol/L × h in adults. The estimated systemic availability in children was 9 ± 5% and in adults 11 ± 7%. The mean plasma cortisol (AUC0−24 h) decreased by 64 ± 18% in children and by 50 ± 27% in adults.Conclusions : The systemic exposure, systemic availability and cortisol suppression after oral administration of 9 mg budesonide were similar in children and adults with active Crohn's disease. Budesonide was well tolerated and no clinically important safety-related findings were identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01386.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discordance between the degree of osteopenia and the prevalence of spontaneous vertebral fractures in Crohn's disease (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 16 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background : A high prevalence of osteoporosis has been noted in Crohn's disease, but data about fractures are scarce.Methods : The relationship between low bone mineral density and the prevalence of vertebral fractures was studied in 271 patients with ileo-caecal Crohn's disease in a large European/Israeli study. One hundred and eighty-one currently steroid-free patients with active Crohn's disease (98 completely steroid-naive) and 90 steroid-dependent patients with inactive or quiescent Crohn's disease were investigated by dual X-ray absorptiometry scan of the lumbar spine, a standardized posterior/anterior and lateral X-ray of the thoracic and lumbar spine, and an assessment of potential risk factors for osteoporosis.Results : Thirty-nine asymptomatic fractures were seen in 25 of 179 steroid-free patients (14.0%; 27 wedge, 12 concavity), and 17 fractures were seen in 13 of 89 steroid-dependent patients (14.6%; 14 wedge, three concavity). The prevalence of fractures in steroid-naive patients was 12.4%. The average bone mineral density, expressed as the T-score, of patients with fractures was not significantly different from that of those without fractures (−0.759 vs. −0.837; P=0.73); 55% of patients with fractures had a normal T-score. The bone mineral density was negatively correlated with lifetime steroids, but not with previous bowel resection or current disease activity. The fracture rate was not correlated with the bone mineral density (P=0.73) or lifetime steroid dose (P=0.83); in women, but not in men, the fracture rate was correlated with age (P=0.009).Conclusions : The lack of correlation between the prevalence of fractures on the one hand and the bone mineral density and lifetime steroid dose on the other necessitates new hypotheses for the pathogenesis of the former.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01317.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical and Pharmacological Effects of Monoamine Precursors or Haloperidol in Chronic Schizophrenia (1968)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 217 (1968), S. 854-854 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] One patient was given 50 mg of DL-5-hydroxytryptophan intravenously. No mental effects could be observed and there seemed to be no discomfort. On the other hand there were considerable changes in the concentration of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid (Table 1). Table 1 5-HIAA ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/217854a0
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