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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of light intensity on the phototoxicity of fluoranthene to a benthic macroinvertebrate (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Environmental science & technology 29 (1995), S. 2828-2833 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5851
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00011a017
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute toxicity of phenol and substituted phenols to the fathead minnow (1981)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 26 (1981), S. 585-593 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01622141
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute toxicity of ten chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 12 (1983), S. 661-666 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ninety-six-hour LC50 values were determined for 10 chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in freshwater flow-through toxicity tests on fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). The 96-hr measured LC50 values in mg/L from combined duplicate tanks were: tetrachloroethylene 13.4; 1,1′,2,2′-tetrachloroethane 20.4; pentachloroethane 7.34; 1,1′,2-trichloroethane 81.6; hexachlorobutadiene 0.10; 1,1′2-trichloroethylene 45.0; 1,2-dichloropropane 140; 1,2-dichloroethane 116; hexachloroethane 1.51; 1,3-dichloropropane 131.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01060748
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of phenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol on embryo, larval, and early-juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) (1982)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 11 (1982), S. 73-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Embryos of fathead minnows were more resistant to phenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol (2,4-DMP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), and pentachloro-phenol (PCP) than were larval or juvenile life stages. Growth of 28-day-old fish was the most sensitive indicator of stress during exposures to phenol, 2,4-DMP, and PCP, whereas survival was the most sensitive indicator of toxic effects from 2,4-DCP exposure. Based on these effects, the estimated maximum acceptable toxicant concentration for fathead minnows in Lake Superior water lies between 1,830 and 3,570μg/L for phenol; 1,970 and 3,110μg/L for 2,4-DMP; 290 and 460μg/L for 2,4-DCP; and 44.9 and 73.0μg/L for PCP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055189
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development and evaluation of test methods for benthic invertebrates and sediments: Effects of flow rate and feeding on water quality and exposure conditions (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 25 (1993), S. 12-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to ensure among-laboratory comparability in the results of sediment toxicity tests, it is necessary to characterize the influence of variations in test regimes on organism responses and exposure conditions. The objective of these studies was to develop and document an optimized combination of overlying water renewal (flow) and feeding rates for sediment tests with three commonly used benthic species (midges, Chironomus tentans; amphipods, Hyalella azteca; oligochaetes, Lumbriculus variegatus). Optimal conditions were defined by a number of chemical and biological considerations including: (1) flow rate through the system, (2) amount of food added, (3) acceptable responses (survival, growth, reproduction) of the organisms over the course of a 10-day test, and (4) maintenance of an adequate concentration of dissolved oxygen in overlying water. The goal was to minimize factors (1) and (2), while maximizing criteria (3) and (4). The major reason for minimizing (1) and (2) was the concern that excessive water flow or addition of food could reduce exposure of the test organisms to sediment-associated contaminants. To evaluate this, interstitial (pore) water concentrations of contaminants (ammonia, zinc, copper, dieldrin) were measured over the course of 10 day tests conducted with a number of different sediments under various flow and feeding regimes. The different combinations of flow/feeding had variable effects upon pore water concentrations of contaminants; for example under our optimized regime, in some instances slight decreases in interstitial water contaminant concentrations were observed, whereas in other cases contaminant concentrations remained constant or even increased. Overall, the use of minimal water renewal and feeding rates should result only in small changes in exposure of benthic organisms to contaminants in pore water over the course of 10-day tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230705
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methods for conducting snail (Aplexa hypnorum) embryo through adult exposures: Effects of cadmium and reduced pH levels (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 13 (1984), S. 627-634 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two separate embryo through adult exposures were conducted with cadmium and with reduced pH levels to validate various test methodologies and to determine the feasibility of testing and ease of handling the freshwater snail (Aplexa hypnorum) in a test system designed for fish bioassays. Exposure of snails from embryos through adult reproductive maturity to cadmium chloride produced delayed hatch, reductions in percentage hatch and survival, and reduced growth when compared to a control. Based on these effects, the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration in Lake Superior water was between 4.41 and 7.63 μg cadmium/L in one test and between 2.50 and 4.79 μg cadmium/L in another test. Adult snails were exposed to determine a 96-hr LC50 of 93 μg cadmium/L. Exposure of embryonic, larval and adult snails to a pH range of 5.00–5.75 caused delayed hatching, reduced combined hatchability and survival, reduced 26-day growth, and a reduction in the number of egg masses per adult snail. No adverse effects were observed in snails exposed for 26 days to pH values ranging from 6.25 to 6.65. During a short-term static exposure, a pH of 4.3 caused a cloudy appearance in eggs within the egg mass and killed the embryos within two hr of the start of the exposure. A static pH exposure of 4.6 also turned embryos slightly cloudy, although some development did occur in these embryos by the sixth day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01056342
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous multiple species testing: Acute toxicity of 13 chemicals to 12 diverse freshwater amphibian, fish, and invertebrate families (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 16 (1987), S. 697-710 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This test series developed methods for testing a compliment of aquatic organisms in a single test that satisfies the freshwater acute toxicity requirements for setting water quality criteria. Species tested included fathead minnowsPimephales promelas, rainbow troutSalmo gairdneri, bluegillLepomis macrochirus, channel catfishIctalurus punctatus, goldfishCarassius auratus, white suckerCatostomus commersoni, daphnidDaphnia magna, midgeTanytarsus dissimilis, crayfishOrconectes immunis, snailAplexa hypnorum, tadpoleXenopus laevis, and leechNephelopsis obscura. Five to nine of the preceding species were simultaneously exposed in individual tests. The chemicals tested were acrolein, aniline, dibutylfumarate, 2,4-dinitrophenol, Guthion®, nicotine sulfate, phenol, rotenone, silver, Systox®, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, ando-xylene. This method of simultaneously exposing aquatic organisms in separate compartments of each exposure tank allows more accurate comparisons of species sensitivity with a tested chemical. Use of this method can also produce the minimum acute data set for the derivation of a water quality criterion in less time and with a substantial cost saving for labor, materials, and chemical analyses when compared with measured concentration tests conducted separately with each individual species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055420
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the relative sensitivity of three benthic invertebrates to copper-contaminated sediments from the Keweenaw Waterway (1993)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 262 (1993), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediment ; copper ; benthic invertebrates ; toxicity ; Keweenaw Waterway
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Keweenaw Peninsula in northern Michigan was once a major copper mining area and these mining activities were responsible for depositing tons of tailings in and around the Keweenaw Waterway. In recent years there has been concern about possible toxic effects of the contaminated sediments on aquatic communities in the system. In the fall of 1990, sediments were collected from various locations along the Waterway. Ten-day tests were conducted with the samples using three species of benthic invertebrates that have been proposed as suitable for evaluating the toxicity of freshwater sediments: Hyalella azteca (amphipods), Chironomus tentans (chironomids) and Lumbriculus variegatus(oligochaetes). A number of sediments were toxic to one or more of the three species and, in general, there was good agreement among the tests with regard to identifying toxic samples. Unexpectedly, the relative sensitivity of the three species to the test sediments was not accurately predicted from water-only copper exposures. This indicates that factors modifying exposure, such as different lifestyles and/or varying sensitivity to physico-chemical characteristics of sediments can influence results of sediment toxicity tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010989
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Equilibrium partitioning as the basis for an integrated laboratory and field assessment of the impacts of DDT, DDE and DDD in sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 101-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: DDT ; DDE ; DDD ; equilibrium partitioning ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Many of the most biologically productive portions of streams are backwater areas which support large populations of benthic macroinvertebrates. The sediments in these locations and their associated macroinvertebrate communities are frequently subjected to chemical inputs and physical perturbations. Historically, assessment of the effects of contaminants in sediments have emphasized chemical analyses and either laboratory toxicity tests or in-stream monitoring of benthic macroinvertebrate community structure. However, combining the chemical and biological approaches provides a more powerful assessment technique. Such an integrated approach, combining laboratory water-only and sediment toxicity tests with Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans, field surveys of benthic macroinvertebrate community structure and evaluation of chemical data using equilibrium partitioning theory was used to assess the effects of DDT, DDE and DDD (collectively termed DDTR) in the sediments of the Huntsville Spring Branch-- Indian Creek (HSB--IC) stream system in the southeastern USA. Benthic macroinvertebrate populations in the HSB--IC system still appear to be adversely affected by DDTR residues within the sediments even though DDT discharges to the stream were stopped over 20 years ago and a major remediation project was completed in the late 1980s. This conclusion is based on a weight of evidence approach which incorporates (1) the observed sediment toxicity to C. tentans and H. azteca in laboratory tests, (2) the identification of DDTR as the likely cause of effects observed during laboratory toxicity tests, (3) the absence of appropriate sensitive species from groups such as the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Amphipoda, (4) the presence of reduced numbers of both total individuals and species of chironomids and oligochaetes relative to nearby streams not contaminated by DDTR and (5) the observed distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in relation to organic carbon-normalized concentrations of DDTR and equilibrium partitioning-based predicted sediment toxic units of DDTR
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018610307458
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Injection studies of cortical and medullary organization in the avian kidney (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 136 (1972), S. 181-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cortical lobules of the avian kidney are branched structures in which the efferent venous system forms an intralobular axis. The latter receives portal blood through an intertubular capillary plexus. Capillary distribution is regionalized thus delimiting the boundaries of individual cortical lobules.The size of cortical lobules (combined length of individual branches) varies intraspecifically from less than 1 mm to more than 18 mm. The largest units are peripherally located in the dorsal and lateral aspects of the kidney, while smaller lobules are deeper within the renal mass. A system of naming the branches of the efferent venous drainage is described. Cortical lobules take origin at varied levels along this venous network.A typical cortical lobule provides collecting ducts and loops of Henle to several medullary lobules. The latter contact the cortical unit at intervals along its length, and each may be associated with more than one cortical lobule. Although boundaries are indefinite, a renal lobe can be regarded as a group of medullary lobules usually draining into a secondary ureteral branch plus their associated cortex.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051360204
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