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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological effects of toxic products from Trichothecium roseum link (1970)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 40 (1970), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auszüge von Reiskulturen von acht der 16 Stämme vonTrichothecium roseum haben mehrere Entchen und/oder Mäuse getötet. Einer der Auszüge (MC-156) von abgeschälten Mais war das toxischste; Auszüge dieses Isolates hat alle Entchen und Mäuse getötet. Dosen der gereinigten toxischen Fraktion TR-1, 166 mg/Kg Körpergewicht, intraperitonial verabreicht, haben alle Mäuse getötet, aber keine der Mäuse starb mit der Dose von 100 mg/Kg. Jedoch hat eine teilweise gereinigte Fraktion (Fraktion VII), von welcher die toxische Fraktion TR-1 gewonnen war, zwei von drei Mäusen mit 78 mg/Kg Dose getötet. Ungereinigte Ätherauszüge vonT. roseum (MC-156) waren tödlich, wenn sie in Kaninchen, in ein 19 Tage altes Schweinchen intraperitonel injiziert worden sind. Sie haben auch eine Hautnekrose hervorgerufen, wenn sie auf die Haut von Kaninchen gebracht worden sind. Das letztere Phänomen war nicht beobachtet, wenn 5 mg der toxischen Fraktion TR-1 an Kaninchenhaut gebracht worden ist. Die größte Produktion des Toxins fand in Reiskulturen statt, wenn sie bei 28° C und mit 20 Perzent (ml/g) Wasser bebrütet worden sind. Inkubation von Reiskulturen vonT. roseum (MC-156) unter CO2-Druck hat die Toxinproduktion unterdrückt.
    Notes: Abstract Extracts of rice cultures of 8 of 16 isolates ofTrichothecium roseum killed one or more ducklings or mice or both. One of the isolates (MC-156) obtained from shelled corn was the most toxigenic; extracts of this isolate killed all treated ducklings and mice. Doses of purified toxic fraction TR-1 of 166 mg/kg body weight given intraperitoneally killed all test mice but none of the mice given 100 mg/kg doses died. However, a partially purified fraction (Fraction VII), from which toxic fraction TR-1 was derived, killed two of three mice given 78 mg/kg doses. Crude ether extracts of rice cultures ofT. roseum (MC-156) produced death when injected intraperitoneally in rabbits and a 19-day-old pig and also produced dermal necrosis when applied to the skin of rabbits. The latter phenomenon was not observed when 5 mg of toxic fraction TR-1 was applied to the skin of rabbits. The greatest production of toxin occurred in rice cultures when incubated at 28° C and with 20 % (ml/g) water added to the rice. Incubation of rice cultures ofT. roseum (MC-156) under CO2 tension suppressed toxin production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02051994
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxigenic fungi associated with stored corn (1969)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 38 (1969), S. 313-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Insgesamt sind 246 Pilzisolierungen von 25 verschimmelten Getreideproben, die in Zentral-Iowa gesammelt worden sind, erhalten worden. Sowohol Wasser- wie Aether-Extrakte von allen Getreideproben zeigten eine gewisse Toxizität in Mäusen als auch in Entchen außer einer einzigen Probe. Kulturextrakte von 99 der Pilzisolierungen, die 13 Gattungen umfaßten, verursachten den Tod in einem oder in mehreren Versuchstieren. Die Mehrheit der toxischen Isolierungen gehörte den GattungenAspergillus undPenicillium an. Drei Isolierungen vonTrichothecium roseum waren hoch toxisch für Entchen und Mäuse. Die Entchen zeigten eine schlaffe Paralyse kurz nachdem sie eine orale Dosis der Auszüge dieser drei Isolierungen erhalten hatten. Tod erfolgte häufig nach der zweiten oralen Dosis innerhalb 24 Stunden. Mäuse, die eine intraperitoneale Injektion der Auszüge vonT. roseum erhielten, zeigten erst eine Lethargie und einen intermittierenden Tremor, dann eine Hyperemotivität, aufgerauhte Haarbedeckung, abdominale Atmung, Inkoordination, Dyspnoe, klonische Zuckungen und Tod gewöhnlich innerhalb 10 bis 20 Minuten.
    Notes: Abstract A total of 246 fungal isolates were obtained from 25 moldy corn samples collected in central Iowa. Either water or ether extracts of all corn samples except one exhibited some degree of toxicity in mice and/or ducklings. At least one toxigenic isolate was obtained from each corn sample. Extracts of cultures of 99 of the fungal isolates, involving 13 genera, produced death in one or more of the assay animals. The majority of the toxigenic isolates belonged to the generaAspergillus andPenicillium. Three isolates ofTrichothecium roseum were highly toxic to ducklings and mice. The ducklings exhibited a flaccid paralysis shortly after receiving an oral dose of extracts of these three isolates. Death frequently occurred following a second oral dose given 24 hr later. Mice given intraperitoneal injections of extracts ofT. roseum first exhibited lethargy and intermittent tremors, then hyperemotivity, roughening of the hair coat, abdominal respirations, incoordination, dyspnea and clonic convulsions with death occurring usually within 10 to 20 min.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02052878
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxigenicity of Trichothecium roseum link: Isolation and partial characterization of a toxic metabolite (1969)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 39 (1969), S. 231-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine toxische Fraktion (TR-1) ist von Reiskulturextrakten eines Stammes (MC-156) desTrichothecium roseum vom verschimmelten Mais erhalten worden. Diese toxische Fraktion war ursprünglich durch Säulen- und Dünnschicht-Chromatographie gereinigt worden und sie war chromatographically rein, wie ein einziger verkohlter Fleck an einer analytischen Dünnschichtplatte bewies. Die toxische Fraktion TR-1 hat ungefähr 12.9 % Stickstoff, und eine Ethanol-lösung dieser Fraktion besaß keine Absorption in der Spanne von 210 bis 320 mµ. Das infrarote Absorptionspektrum zeigte starke Absorptionstreifen bei 1180, 1380, 1445, 1630, 1670, 2930, 2960, und 3380 cm−1; mäßige Absorptionstreifen erschienen bei 775, 1230, 1410, 151, 1540, und 2870 cm−1. Der trockene Rückstand dieser Fraktion war leicht in Ether, Chloroform, Ethanol und Methanol auflösbar. Die toxische Fraktion TR-1 scheint eine neue und verschiedene Einheit zu sein, denn diejenigen, die vomTr. roseum beschrieben worden sind.
    Notes: Abstract A toxic fraction (TR-1) was obtained from rice culture extracts of an isolate (MC-156) ofTrichothecium roseum from moldy corn. This toxic fraction was purified primarily by column and thin-layer chromatography and was chromatographically pure as evidenced by a single charred spot on an analytical thin-layer plate. The toxic fraction TR-1 possessed approximately 12.9 % nitrogen and an ethanol solution of this fraction possessed no ultraviolet absorbance in the range from 210 to 320 mµ. The infrared absorption spectrum exhibited strong absorption bands at 1180, 1380, 1445, 1630, 1670, 1730, 2930, 2960, and 3380 cm−1; moderate absorption bands occurred at 775, 1230, 1410, 1515, 1540, and 2870 cm−1. The dry residue from this fraction was readily soluble in ether, chloroform, ethanol and methanol. The toxic fraction Tr-1 appears to be a new and different toxic entity than has been described fromT. roseum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02052787
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cyclopiazonic acid and aflatoxin singly and in combination on selected clinical, pathological and immunological responses of guinea pigs (1989)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 105 (1989), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and aflatoxin are known sometimes to coexist in nature but little is known of possible biological interaction in mammals that consume mixtures of these two mycotoxins. Guinea pigs were dosed orally with CPA (2.2 mg/kg) or aflatoxin (0.045 mg B1/kg) singly or in combination. Effects of toxin consumption were determined on clinical health, body weight gain, pathological change, and several immunologically related parameters including delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity, antibody response, complement hemolytic titer, intracutaneous mitogen (PHA) and in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis. In contrast to an earlier study by others, significant synergy between these two toxins was demonstrated in reduced rate of body weight gain, lethality and histologic changes (vacuolization) in hepatocytes. Reductions in complement titer, intradermal PHA, delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity response and in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis were related to aflatoxin activity. No effects on antibody formation to Brucella abortus were observed with either toxin or the combination of toxins. Cyclopiazonic acid appeared to restore the suppressive effects of aflatoxin in delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity response and in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437245
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