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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Invasion of Babesia microti into Epithelial Cells of the Tick Gut (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 30 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During feeding a peritrophic membrane (PM) is formed in the gut of the tick Ixodes dammini, dividing the lumen of the gut into an ecto- and endoperitrophic space. Babesia and all food particles ingested with the blood meal by the tick are retained in the endoperitrophic space, the lumen proper. Only Babesia equipped with a highly specialized organelle, the arrowhead, are able to pass the PM and enter the ectoperitrophic compartment. During the crossing of the PM the arrowhead loses its density, suggesting that enzymes released from it dissolve the polymers in the PM, making passage of the parasite through this barrier possible. In the ectoperitrophic space the arrowhead of Babesia touches the epithelial cell. At the point of contact the membrane of the host cell starts to invaginate, and simultaneously the arrowhead's fine structure loses its highly organized pattern. The growing host membrane encircles the parasite and the arrowhead diminishes progressively in size. When the piroplasm is inside the host cell, the arrowhead can no longer be found. During invasion the host membrane often touches the parasite's plasma membrane at the site of a coiled structure, and the host membrane becomes ruptured and the nearby host cytoplasm appears to be lysed. Babesia inside the host cell is covered solely by its own plasma membrane; the invaginated host membrane is missing. It is postulated that the latter disintegrates during invasion by the parasite through the action of enzymes from the coiled structure. The parasite is surrounded by a halo of homogeneous material deriving most probably from the lysed host cytoplasm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1983.tb02927.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vector Competence of Ticks in the Southeastern United States for Borrelia burgdorferi (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 539 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb31890.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transmission of Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi) (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 7 (1989), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The field and laboratory evidence incriminating nymphalIxodes dammini as the main vectors ofBorrelia burgdorferi is substantial. Furthermore, other members of theIxodes (Ixodes) ricinus ‘complex’, includingI. ricinus, I. persulcatus, I. pacificus, andI. scapularis, are competent vectors of the Lyme disease spirochete. Although ticks in other genera are also naturally infected withB. burgdorferi, experimental evidence suggests thatAmblyomma andDermacentor ticks are inefficient vectors of these spirochetes. Current research on the kinetics ofB. burgdorferi growth within ticks demonstrates that Lyme disease spirochetes are dramatically influenced by physiological events during the tick's life-cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200454
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural studies on sporogony of Babesia microti in salivary gland cells of the tick Ixodes dammini (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 231 (1983), S. 275-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Babesia ; Tick ; Sporogony ; Salivary gland ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tick larvae were permitted to feed on infected hamsters and then allowed to molt. Nymphs were examined just prior to feeding on uninfected hamsters or at timed intervals thereafter. Invasion of the salivary gland by B. microti occurs before feeding of the nymph begins, and development of the parasite is further stimulated by feeding. The sporoblast forms a massive multinucleated meshwork which ramifies throughout the large host cell. No separation of the meshwork into multiple subdivisions, termed “cytomeres” by other workers, has been detected. Instead the specialized organelles characteristic of sporozoites, namely micronemes, rhoptries, and segments of double membrane appear in the meshwork itself and gradually become organized into sporozoite anlagen which protrude from its surface. At the same time the meshwork shortens and thickens giving rise to large compact undifferentiated bodies whose surface is also studded with sporozoite anlagen. Sporozoites thus originate either from the meshwork or from the undifferentiated bodies. In either case large lobate nuclei send projections into the anlagen as they protrude from the surface of the sporoblast. In a final step the mature sporozoites arise by simultaneous nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions. There is no separate stage of schizogony and the process is one of true budding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222180
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Penetration of the peritrophic membrane of the tick by Babesia microti (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 221 (1982), S. 471-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peritrophic membrane ; Tick ; Babesia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A peritrophic membrane (PM) has been demonstrated in the gut of feeding larvae, nymphs, and adults of the tick Ixodes dammini. This is the first report of a PM in ticks. This temporary structure divides the lumen of the gut into two compartments, an endoperitrophic space, the lumen proper, and an ectoperitrophic space located between the PM and the epithelial cells of the gut wall. The PM is a mechanical barrier and even such small particles as ribosomes derived from ingested reticulocytes are retained in the lumen proper; they are never found in the ectoperitrophic compartment. In Ixodes dammini fed on hamsters infected with Babesia microti some of the parasites are found in the ectoperitrophic space. This passage is accomplished by a highly specialized organelle, the arrowhead, which develops in some Babesia during their metamorphosis in the gut of the vector. The arrowhead, while passing through the PM, changes its fine structure and loses its internal organization as if releasing some of its contents. Its disintegration continues and it disappears shortly after the Babesia have entered the epithelial cells. Only Babesia equipped with the arrowhead structure are able to cross the PM. This is the first documented case of a parasite traversing a solidified PM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215696
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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