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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 19 (1988), S. 145-148 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary By means of a simple kinetic analysis of living polymerisations it is shown how both the concentration of growing ends and the rate-constant of propagation can be determined, provided that both the yield and the degree of polymerisation are given as functions of time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Foundations of chemistry 1 (1999), S. 6-15 
    ISSN: 1572-8463
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , History
    Notes: Abstract Chemistry is concerned with all aspects of the changing of one kind of matter into another. It has many parts and all but one of these are so different from all the adjacent sciences that their distinctness is obvious; the exception is physical chemistry. The activities of its practitioners resemble prima facie those of physicists. These however deal with unchanging matter that retains its chemical identity, and virtually all their experimental information is numerical. The physical chemist's concerns are the nature, extent, and rate of chemical changes, and on these much information may be gathered by the observer's unaided senses. A fundamental feature or chemistry with few parallels in other sciences is that the variables determining chemical behaviour include the purity of reaction vessels, reagents, and the gas-phase in contact with these, as well as the exact experimental procedures when bringing about the chemical changes. For this reason, when encountering ostensibly new chemical phenomena, it is even more important than in other areas to distinguish between repeatability (of phenomena, e.g. explosions) and reproducibility (of quantities, e.g. reduction potentials). The distinction is not always clear, as differences of degree may develop into differences of kind. Unrepeatability may be of great heuristic significance, but irreproducibility is often of trivial origin. Examples from the author's researches illustrate how chemical behaviour, e.g. electrochemical conductivity or the nature of a product, such as the shape of a polymer molecule, can be altered profoundly by very small changes of experimental conditions, which is uncommon in other sciences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 2821-2836 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Verschiedene Ketenacetale (1a-d) wurden dargestellt, und ihre homogene und heterogene kationische Polymerisation in Substanz und in Lösung im Temperaturbereich von ca. 100 bis -100°C wurde untersucht.Die Mehrzahl der in Lösung gebildeten Produkte waren zähflüssige, hellgelbe Flüssigkeiten oder klebrige, rote Festkörper. Die Polymerisation in Substanz mit kristallinen, wenig löslichen Initiatoren ergab weiße, wachsartige oder pulvrige Polymere. Von allen Systemen, bei denen die Löslichkeit der Polymere eine PG-Bestimmung ermöglichte, ergab die Polymerisation in Substanz mit kristallinem CdCl2 den höchsten PG (ca. 20). In Versuchen mit den verschiedensten löslichen Initiatoren in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln und über einen weiten Temperaturbereich fanden wir, daß ein PG von mehr als ca. 8 nur ganz ausnahmsweise erzielt werden konnte.Das wachsende Dialkoxycarbeniumion, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm R}\hbox{---} {\rm CH}_2 \mathop {\rm C}\limits^ \oplus \left( {{\rm OR}} \right)_2, $\end{document} kann an mindestens fünf verschiedenen Kettenabbruchreaktionen teilnehmen. und unsere Befunde erklären, wieso die Geschwindigkeit der Abbruchreaktionen so vie1 größer ist als bei anderen Olefinen.Die saure Hydrolyse der Polymere ergibt die entsprechenden Poly(1-oxoäthylene) (Poly-(1,3-diketone)) (4a, b), von deren Keto- und Enol-Formen verschiedene Derivate hergestellt wurden.
    Notes: Various ketene acetals (1a-d) were prepared and their cationic polymerization under homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions, in bulk and in solution between ca. 100 and -100°C were investigated.Most of the reaction products formed in solution were viscous pale yellow fluids or sticky red solids, whereas those formed in bulk with solid, sparsely soluble initiators were white waxes or powders. For all systems for which solubility of product permitted DP determinations, the highest DPs (ca. 20) were found from bulk polymerization with solid CdCl2. With a wide range of soluble initiators in different solvents over a wide range of concentrations, DPs greater than about 8 were exceptional.It is suggested that there are at least five chain-breaking reactions involving the growing dialkoxycarbenium ion \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm R}\hbox{---} {\rm CH}_2 \hbox{---} \mathop {\rm C}\limits^ \oplus \left( {{\rm OR}} \right)_2 $\end{document} and evidence is presented which accounts for the high rate of chain-breaking compared with that for other olefinic monomers.Acid hydrolysis of the polymers yielded the corresponding poly(1-oxoethylenes) (poly-(1,3-diketone)) (4a, b), and various derivatives of both the keto and enol forms of these were prepared.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 182 (1981), S. 1459-1473 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polymerisation of styrene (St) by trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in methylene chloride was studied by high-vacuum dilatometry at 40°C with specially purified reagents. Drying increases rates, changes the internal orders, and changes the MWD in that with undried TFA the MWD is bimodal, with the driest TFA it is unimodal. For undried TFA, the whole reaction cannot be represented by a single, simple equation; with dried TFA,  - d[St]/dt = kv [St]2[TFA]3. When polymerisation is complete the solutions contain free TFA and polystyryl trifluoroacetates. 1-Phenylethyl trifluoroacetate itself is not an initiator, it yields oligostyrene if treated with TFA, and if present in a reaction mix of St + TFA it retards the polymerisation, is consumed, and causes a distinctly bimodal MWD. The relation of our results to those of Sawamoto et al is discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Acenaphthylene was polymerized in nitrobenzene at 25°C by NO2SbF6, C2H5COSbF6, C6H5COPF6, and (C6H5)2CHSbF6. With monomer so rigorously purified that it contained only ca. 0,01 mol-% of inhibiting impurities the reaction pattern indicated propagation by unpaired cations, and a kp+ = 23,3 ± 2 dm3·mol-1·s-1 (the first for this monomer) was obtained. There are at least two chain-breaking reactions of which one is the proton transfer to monomer which has Km+ = 2,3 dm3·mol-1·s-1. The kinetic irregularities and colours which develop at high conversions are probably due to the formation of non-propagating allylic cations from unsaturated end-groups.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 175 (1974), S. 1065-1076 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Einige der Faktoren, welche eine umfassende Theorie der kationischen Polymerisation von Olefinen beeinflussen oder die in einer solchen Theorie enthalten sein müssen, werden hier von neuen Gesichtspunkten aus erörtert; diese haben ihren Ursprung in der neuen Theorie des Autors über die Polymerisationsauslösung durch Metallhalogenide. Angebliche Bestimmungen der Geschwindigkeitskonstante kp+ werden kritisiert, weil bei diesen zwei Gleichgewichte unbeachtet geblieben sind, deretwegen die Konzentration [Pn+] der wachsenden Ketten im allgemeinen kleiner ist als die Brutto-Konzentration des Initiators c0. Eines dieser Gleichgewichte ist ein binäres ionogenes Gleichgewicht zwischen Metallhalogenid MtXn und Polymerhalogenid PnX; das andere ist das zwischen MtXn und Olefin. Es wird eine Gleichung hergeleitet, die [Pn+] und c0 miteinander in Beziehung bringt und diesen Gleichgewichten Rechnung trägt. Die Wichtigkeit des zweiten Gleichgewichts tritt dadurch hervor, daß aus ihm einfache Erklärungen für bisher unverständliche Erscheinungen abzuleiten sind. Einige dieser Phänomene treten auf, wenn Aluminiumhalogenide und Olefine auf verschiedene Weisen zusammengebracht werden; andere betreffen die verschiedenen Reaktionen, welche sich zwischen Titantetra-chlorid und 1,l-Diphenyläthylen abspielen können.Die Tatsache, daß Titantetrachlorid in manchen Systemen offenbar ohne Co-Initiator initiieren kann, aber in anderen Systemen einen solchen benötigt, wird durch Selbst-Ionisie-rung und durch die Wirkung von Verunreinigungen erklärt.
    Notes: Some of the factors which influence, or must be contained in, a Comprehensive Theory of the cationic polymerisation of olefins are discussed from new points of view, starting from the author's new theory concerning initiation by metal halides. Alleged determinations of the rate constant kp+ are criticised because they ignored two equilibria which make the concentration of growing polymer chains [Pn+] in general less than the nominal concentration, c0, of initiator. One of them is a binary ionogenic equilibrium involving metal halide MtXn and polymer halide PnX. The other is between metal halide and olefin. An equation relating [Pn+] to c0 is deduced which takes account of these equilibria. The importance of the second equilibrium is illustrated by the way in which it provides simple explanations of hitherto obscure phenomena. Some of these arise during the interaction of aluminium halides with olefins in different circumstances, others concern the different interactions which can take place between titanium tetrachloride and 1,1-diphenylethylene. The fact that titanium tetrachloride appears to be able to initiate without co-initiator in some systems, but requires one in others is explained by the self-ionisation of the metal halide and the effects of impurities.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Zweck der vorliegenden Arbeit war, eine Entscheidung zwischen den «Mainz»- und «Keele-Theorien» über die Polymerisation der 1,3-Dioxacycloalkane durch wasserfreie Perchlorsäure in Methylendichlorid herbeizuführen. Mittels der Jaacks'schen Methode zur Bestimmung von tertiären Oxoniumionen entdeckten wir, daß deren Konzentration verschwindend klein ist, wenn unter peinlichstem Ausschluß von Feuchtigkeit polymerisiert wird. Wir erzielten diese Resultate mit 1,3-Dioxolan (1), 4-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan (4) und 1.3-Dioxepan (5). Sie wurden durch unsere Bestimmungen des Gehaltes an Hydroxy-Gruppen unterstützt, die an Polymeren vorgenomrnen wurden, welche mit verschiedenen Redgenzien neutralisiert worden waren.Es folgt hieraus. dall bei eincm Wassergehalt der Reaktionsgemische von weniger als ca. 10-4M die Fortpflanzung überwiegend durch sekundäre Oxoniumionen stattfindet. so daß sie nach dem Plesch-Westerrmann'schen Ringerweiterungsmechanismus verlaufen muß. Da Wasser die Bildung von tertiären Oxoniumionen verursacht. läßt es sich erklären, wieso andere Forscher und auch wir, zuvor in weniger sorgfältig durchgeführten Ansätzen, diese Ionen (manchmal sogar in überwiegenden Mengen) nachweisen konnten.Unsere Befunde beinhalten auch. daß Penczeks Theorie, welche coordinierte Oxy-Carbe-niumionen als die wachsenden Zentren betrachtet, auf die hier diskutierten Systeme nicht anwendbar ist.Der heuristische Wert der Kingerweiterungstheorie wird hier kurz durch einen Hinweis auf eine daraus entstandene neue Methode zur Synthese von «Kronen-Athern» aus 1,3-Dioxacykloalkanen veranschaulicht.
    Notes: The object of the work described was to discriminate between the two principal rival theories concerning the polymerisation of 1,3-dioxacycloalkanes by anhydrous perchloric acid, the “Mainz theory” and the “Keele theory”. By means of Jaacks's method for determining tertiary oxonium ions we found that in polymerisations under the driest conditions the concentration of these is negligibly small. This was done with 1,3-dioxolane (1), 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (4), and 1,3-dioxepane (5), and the findings are supported by determinations of the content of hydroxy groups of polymers prepared and “killed” under different conditions.It follows that when the water content of the reaction mixtures is less than ca. 10-4M the propagation is principally by secondary oxonium ions, and that it must therefore go by the ring-expansion mechanism of Plesch and Westermann.Water causes the formation of tertiary oxonium ions and this probably explains why previously other workers and ourselves had reported their presence, and sometimes their dominance, in reaction mixtures prepared under much less stringent conditions.The recent theory of Penczek, which involves co-ordinated oxy-carbenium ions, is also shown not to be applicable to the systems considered here. -  The heuristic value of the ring-expansion theory is illustrated briefly by reference to a new method of synthesising crown ethers from 1,3-dioxacycloalkanes, which arose from it.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 176 (1975), S. 2053-2057 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Verbrennungsenthalpie von dem aus endo-2-Methyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan hergestellten Poly(oxy-2-methyl-1,4-cyclohexenylen)wurde kalorimetrisch unter Verwendung einer Verbrennungsbombe bestimmt. Aus der so bestimmten Standard-Bildungsenthalpie des Polymers, ΔH0f (298, 15 K)=  - 283,5±3,0kJ (Grund-mol) - 1 und der des Monomers wurde die Polymerisationsenthalpie (flüssiges Monomer→festes Polymer) zu ΔH01c =  - 33,3±3,7kJ mol - 1 berechnet.
    Notes: The enthalpy of combustion of poly(oxy-2-methyl-1,4-cyclohexenylene) prepared from endo-2-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane has been determined by oxygen-bomb combustion calorimetry. The calculated standard enthalpy of formation of the polymer, ΔH0f (298,15K)=  - 283,5±3,0 kJ (base-mol) - 1, has been combined with that of the monomer to give the enthalpy of polymerisation of liquid monomer to solid polymer as ΔH0ic =  - 33,3±3,7 kJ mol - 1.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 185 (1984), S. 27-35 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Rate measurements of the polymerisation of acenaphthylene in nitrobenzene at 298 K by PhCO+ SbF6- gave kp+ = 23,2 ± 2 dm3 · mol-1 · s-1 which confirmed our previous value with yet another initiator. Under the same conditions we obtained kp+ = 188 ± 9 dm3 · mol-1 · s-1 for styrene. The completeness of initiation was indicated by a count of carbonyl groups by spectroscopy. The conductivity measurements indicated that [Pn+] is independent of time and that there is no ion-pairing. The DPD of the polymers was unimodal and the DP independent of m0 and c0. Exploratory experiments showed that HClO4 and CF3SO3H in nitrobenzene are not useful for kp+ determinations. In an Appendix a detailed treatment is given of how the impurity content of solvent and monomer can be determined by kinetic measurements.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 176 (1975), S. 1179-1186 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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