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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Respiration Physiology 49 (1982), S. 267-277 
    ISSN: 0034-5687
    Keywords: Chemoreflex modulation ; Helium ; Man ; Turbulent airflow ; Ventilatory control
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 66 (1991), S. 9-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A recent model of respiratory control suggested that the steady-state respiratory responses to CO2 and exercise may be governed by an optimal control law in the brainstem respiratory neurons. It was not certain, however, whether such complex optimization behavior could be accomplished by a realistic biological neural network. To test this hypothesis, we developed a hybrid computer-neural model in which the dynamics of the lung, brain and other tissue compartments were simulated on a digital computer. Mimicking the “controller” was a human subject who pedalled on a bicycle with varying speed (analog of ventilatory output) with a view to minimize an analog signal of the total cost of breathing (chemical and mechanical) which was computed interactively and displayed on an oscilloscope. In this manner, the visuomotor cortex served as a proxy (homolog) of the brainstem respiratory neurons in the model. Results in 4 subjects showed a linear steady-state ventilatory CO2 response to arterial PCO2 during simulated CO2 inhalation and a nearly isocapnic steady-state response during simulated exercise. Thus, neural optimization is a plausible mechanism for respiratory control during exercise and can be achieved by a neural network with cognitive computational ability without the need for an exercise stimulus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 17 (1998), S. 1593-1595 
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 7 (1988), S. 243-244 
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 22 (1987), S. 2148-2152 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of adding latex to macrodefect-free cement was studied. The porosity of the modified pastes was smaller than the normal macrodefect system but the pore size was not significantly changed. The traditional relationship between strength and flaw size in the cement system was found to be inadequate to explain the observed mechanical behaviour of the latex-modified systems. Scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surfaces of the normal and latex-modified pastes revealed that the use of different polymers resulted in different fracture paths through the cement composite. This was due to the difference in chemical nature of the polymer. The results demonstrated that the modulus (E) and fracture energy (R) terms in the traditional Griffith equation become limiting factors for strength determination in low-porosity cement systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 23 (1988), S. 657-660 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of different polymer contents on the microstructure of ordinary Portland cementbased macrodefect-free cement was studied by high voltage transmission electron microscopy. The microstructure, especially the morphology and composition of the gel matrix, of material with a low polymer content was significantly different from that of material with a high polymer content. The former consisted mainly of gelatinous material with some microcrystallites and with some porosity. The latter consisted of mainly pure non-porous polymer gel with little metallic content. Although the dry strength of the material with high polymer content was higher than that of the lower polymer content material, the former was extremely unstable after immersing in water. This was attributed to the difference in microstructure of the polymer gel as revealed by electron microscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 16 (1978), S. 633-641 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Biological cell impedance ; Transient response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire On s'est rendu compte que la réponse en transitoires de l'impédance de la cellule biologique est nettement différente d'une exponentielle simple. Cela pourrait être dû au fait que l'impédance de la membrane d'une cellule ne peut être décrite simplement avec un diélectrique sujet à des pertes, mais comme une fonction à phase constante fonction de la fréquence et de la forme (jωC)α pour expliquer ses caractéristiques de fréquence. Une analyse mathématique d'une fonction impédance de cette forme montre que la transitoire de voltage ou de courant en réponse respectivement à un courant ou à un voltage étagés peut être exprimée par une intégrale définie et que c'est une fonction régulière du temps. Pour un α donné, la réponse peut être évaluéenumériquement à des intervalles de temps discrets pour comparison avec les résultats expérimentaux. L'article décrit un système simple pour dériver de la réponse mesurée les paramètres caractérisant cette impédance. Ce système utilise la propriété de convergence des courbes transitoires de voltage, et par un procédé de normalisation (à la fois en amplitude et en échelle de temps) la courbe transitoire mesurée peut être comparée itérative à un jeu de courbes calculées pour obtenir le meilleure similitude.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde festgestellt, daß sich Stoßreaktionen bei der biologischen Zellenimpedanz von einer einfachen Exponentialgröße erheblich unterscheiden. Das könnte auch auf die Tatsache zurück-zuführen sein, daß die Impedanz einer Zellmembran zur Erläuterung der Frequenzcharakteristik nicht einfach durch ein mit einem Verlust behaftetes Dielektrikum beschrieben werden konnte, sondern daß dies durch eine frequenzabhängige Komponente mit konstanter Phase von der Form (jωC)α geschah. Eine mathematische Analyse der Impedanzfunktion dieser Form zeigt, daß der Spannungs-oder Stromstoß als Reaktion auf einen Stufenstrom bzw. eine Stufenspannung durch ein bestimmtes Integral ausgedrückt werden kann und daß es sich dabei um eine Zeitfunktion von gutem Verhalten handelt. Wenn α gegeben ist, kann die Reaktion zum Vergleich mit Versuchsergebnissen in diskreten Zeitabständen numerisch bewertet werden. Es wird ein einfaches Schema vorgeführt, nach dem man von der gemessenen Reaktion diejenigen Parameter ableiten kann, die die Impedanz charakterisieren. Das Schema macht sich die Konvergenzeigenschaft der Spannungs stoßkurven zunutze, und mit Hilfe eines Normalisierungsverfahrens (sowohl in bezug auf die Stöße als auch die Zeitskala) kann die gemessene Stoßkurve mit einem Satz berechneter Kurven iterativ verglichen werden bis man die genaueste Übereinstimmung erhält.
    Notes: Abstract The transient response of a biological cell impedance has been found to be distinctly different from a simple exponential. This could follow from the fact that the impedance of a cell membrane could not be simply described by a lossy dielectric, but instead a constant-phase frequency-dependent component of the form (jωC)α to explain its frequency characteristics. A mathematical analysis of the impedance function of this form shows that the voltage or current transient, in response to a step current or a step voltage respectively, can be expressed by a definite integral and that it is a well-behaved function of time. For a given α the response can be evaluated numerically at discrete time intervals for comparison with experimental results. A simple scheme is introduced to derive from the measured response those parameters characterising the impedance. The scheme utilises the convergence property of the voltage transient curves and by a normalisation process (both in magnitude and in time scale) the measured transient curve can be compared with a set of computed curves iteratively to obtain the closest fit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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