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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary factors and the risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer among black and white men in the United States (1998)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 9 (1998), S. 467-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Case-control studies ; diet ; esophageal neoplasms ; raw fruit ; raw vegetables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: To investigate dietary factors for squamous cell esophageal cancer and whether these factors may contribute to the five-fold higher incidence of this cancer in the black versus white population of the United States. Methods: Data from a food frequency questionnaire were analyzed for 114 white men and 219 black men with squamous cell esophageal cancer, and 681 white and 557 black male controls from three areas of the United States who participated in a population-based case-control study of esophageal cancer. Results: Protective effects were associated with intake of raw fruits and vegetables (odds ratio for high versus low consumers=0.3 in both white and black men) and use of vitamin supplements (especially vitamin C; odds ratio for high versus low consumers=0.4 in both races), with the frequency of consumption of raw fruits and vegetables and vitamin supplements being greater for white than black controls. In addition, elevated risks were associated with high versus low intake of red meat (OR=2.7 for blacks and 1.5 for whites) and processed meat (OR=1.6 for blacks and 1.7 for whites), with the levels of consumption being greater for black than white controls. Conclusions: In the United States, these dietary factors may contribute in part to the much higher incidence of squamous cell esophageal cancer among black compared to white men.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008861806923
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma following selected medical conditions (1992)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 3 (1992), S. 449-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Allergy ; autoimmune diseases ; epidemiology ; health maintenance organizations ; infectious diseases ; leukemia ; lymphoma ; multiple myeloma ; musculoskeletal diseases ; USA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The role of selected prior medical conditions in the etiology of hematopoietic malignancies was examined in a case-control study of members of two regional branches of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program (USA). Past history of chronic infectious, autoimmune, allergic, and musculoskeletal disorders was abstracted from medical records for leukemia (n = 299), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL, n = 100), and multiple myeloma (n = 175) cases and matched controls (n = 787). Little difference was found between cases and controls for most of the chronic conditions evaluated, including sinusitis, carbuncles, urinary tract infections, pelvic infections, herpes zoster, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, bursitis, and gout. Only three statistically significant elevated risks were found, i.e., with combined disc disease myeloma among patients with prior eczema and disk and other musculoskeletal conditions, and NHL following tuberculosis. Only two of these associations showed consistent patterns by sex and geographic region (myeloma with eczema and with musculoskeletal conditions). While prior history of eczema and musculoskeletal conditions may slightly increase risk of myeloma, this study provided little if any support for an association of chronic infectious, autoimmune, allergic, and musculoskeletal conditions with subsequent occurrence of the leukemias or NHL. Additionally, these data did not support a role for chronic antigenic stimulation, as defined in previous epidemiologic studies, in the etiology of hematopoietic malignancies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051358
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occupational risk factors for multiple myeloma among Danish men (1992)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 3 (1992), S. 555-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Denmark ; industry ; metalworking ; multiple myeloma ; occupation ; phthalates ; risk factors ; vinyl chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A large population-based case-control study evaluated occupational exposures in 1,098 Danish males diagnosed with multiple myeloma from 1970 to 1984 and in 4,169 age-and gender-matched controls alive at the time of case-diagnosis. Industrial histories were obtained from the Supplementary Pension Fund which, since 1964, has recorded employments of adult Danes; occupation came from subjects' most recent tax records. Four industrial hygienists created a job-exposure matrix for 47 substances based on 15,000 unique industry/occupation combinations in subjects' histories. Risk of myeloma was significantly elevated among road and railroad workers, precision metalworkers, and workers in the transportation and communication industries. Risk increased significantly with duration of employment in: production of synthetic yarns, plastic packaging, and miscellaneous chemical compounds; fabricating structural metal and stationary tanks; body factories; electrical plants; and retail sale of paint and wallpaper. Risks of myeloma were elevated, though statistically nonsignificantly, in all categories of exposure to gasoline and engine exhausts. Risks rose with likelihood and duration of exposure to phthalates, and were statistically significant and nearly fivefold with probable exposure to vinyl chloride for five or more years. After adjusting for multiple exposures and disregarding exposures within 10 years of diagnosis (or selection as a control), probable exposure to vinyl chloride was associated with increased risk of myeloma, which rose to fivefold with longer exposure. Associations with gasoline, engine exhausts, and phthalates persisted, but were inconsistent with duration and probability of exposure. Previously reported associations with agriculture were not confirmed by these data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052753
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tobacco use and prostate cancer in Blacks and Whites in the United States (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Case control ; neoplasms ; prostate ; race ; tobacco ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Prostate cancer occurs more frequently in Blacks than Whites in the United States. A population-based case-control study which investigated the association between tobacco use and prostate cancer risk was carried out among 981 pathologically confirmed cases (479 Blacks, 502 Whites) of prostate cancer, diagnosed between 1 August 1986 and 30 April 1989, and 1,315 controls (594 Blacks, 721 Whites). Study subjects, aged 40 to 79 years, resided in Atlanta (GA), Detroit (MI), and 10 counties in New Jersey, geographic areas covered by three, population-based, cancer registries. No excesses in risk for prostate cancer were seen for former cigarette smokers, in Blacks (odds ratio [OR]=1.1, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.7–1.5) and in Whites (OR=1.2, CI=0.9–1.6), or for current cigarette smokers, in Blacks (OR=1.0, CI=0.7–1.4) and in Whites (OR=1.2, CI=0.8–1.7). Increases in risk were noted for smokers of 40 or more cigarettes per day, among former (OR=1.4, CI=1.0–1.5) and current (OR=1.5, CI=1.0–2.4) smokers. Duration of cigarette use and cumulative amount of cigarette use (pack-years) were not associated with prostate cancer risk for Blacks or Whites. By age, only the youngest subjects, aged 40 to 59 years, showed excess risk associated with current (OR=1.5, CI=1.0–2.3) and former (OR=1.7, CI=1.1–2.6) use of cigarettes, but there were no consistent patterns in this group according to amount or duration of smoking. Risks also were not elevated for former or current users of pipes, cigars, or chewing tobacco, but the risk associated with current snuff use was OR=5.5 (CI=1.2–26.2). This subgroup finding may have been due to chance. The results of the present study may be consistent with a small excess risk for prostate cancer associated with tobacco use, but the lack of consistent findings in population subgroups and the lack of a clear dose-response relationship argue more strongly that no causal association exists. The data do not indicate that the Black-White difference in prostate cancer risk is related to tobacco use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830240
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction in White men in the United States: alcohol, tobacco, and socioeconomic factors (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 333-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Adenocarcinoma ; alcohol ; case-control study ; esophagus ; males ; social class ; tobacco ; ulcer ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the United States, the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, including the esophagogastric (EG) junction, has been increasing rapidly over the past two decades. Except for an association with Barrett's esophagus, little is known about the etiology of these cancers. A population-based case-control interview study of 174 White men with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and 750 controls living in three areas of the United States offered the opportunity to investigate the relationship of these cancers with smoking, alcohol drinking, socioeconomic factors, and history of ulcer. There were significantly elevated risks for men who smoked cigarettes (odds ratio [OR]=2.1) or drank liquor (OR=1.6). For both cigarette smoking and liquor drinking, there were significant dose gradients with amount consumed. No reduction in risk was observed following smoking cessation. Subjects who switched from nonfilter to filter cigarettes experienced half the risk of those who only smoked nonfilter cigarettes. Inverse risk gradients were seen with increasing recent annual income, with the highest risk (OR=3.4) for the lowest category. The risk for a history of ulcer (OR=1.7), especially of the duodenum (OR=2.2), was also significantly elevated. These data suggest that tobacco and alcohol may be etiologic factors for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and EG junction, but these factors do not appear to explain the rapid rise in incidence of these tumors. The associations with low social class and history of ulcer need to be explored in greater detail along with other factors that may account for the temporal trends in esophageal adenocarcinomas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01804984
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drinking practices and risk of squamous-cell esophageal cancer among Black and White men in the United States (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 605-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Alcohol ; esophagus ; men ; neoplasms ; race ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate whether the fivefold greater incidence rate ofsquamous-cell esophageal cancer in Black compared with White men is due totype of alcoholic beverage consumed or to other qualitative differences inalcohol consumption, we conducted a population-based case-control studywith373 males diagnosed with squamous-cell esophageal cancer (124 Whites and249 Blacks) and 1,364 male controls (750 Whites and 614 Blacks) from threegeographic areas in the United States. Included were all histologicallyconfirmed cases newly diagnosed from 1 August 1986 through 30 April 1989,among White and Black men aged 30 to 79 years. Risks varied to some extentaccording to type of alcohol used, with beer a stronger contributor inWhites, and wine and liquor stronger contributors in Blacks. However, most ofthe differences in the odds ratios by type of alcohol and race wereeliminated after controlling for average weekly amount of total alcoholconsumed. Thus, while alcohol use in all forms is an important risk factorfor squamous-cell esophageal cancer in Whites and Blacks, type of alcoholicbeverage used does not appear to account for the racial differences inincidence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018446430228
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple myeloma among Blacks and Whites in the United States: role of cigarettes and alcoholic beverages (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 8 (1997), S. 610-614 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Alcohol ; esophagus ; multiple myeloma ; smoking ; race ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the United States, the incidence rates of multiple myeloma inBlacks are more than twice those in Whites, but the etiology of this canceris poorly understood. A population-based case-control interview study of 571subjects (365 White, 206 Black) with multiple myeloma and 2,122 controls(1,155 White, 967 Black) living in three areas of the United States (Georgia,Michigan, New Jersey) offered the opportunity to investigate the relationshipwith smoking and alcohol drinking and to evaluate whether these factors mightcontribute to the excess risk of multiple myeloma in Blacks. For Blacks andWhites of either gender, there were no significantly elevated risksassociated with ever use of cigarettes or alcoholic beverages and noconsistent patterns with either intensity or duration of use. These datasupport previous studies indicating that smoking and drinking are not relatedcausally to the risk of multiple myeloma, and thus cannot account for theracial disparity in incidence rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018498414298
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple myeloma among Danish women: employment history and workplace exposures (1992)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 3 (1992), S. 427-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Agriculture ; case-control study ; Denmark ; females ; industry ; multiple myeloma ; occupation ; textiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To investigate the role of employment history and workplace exposures as risk factors for multiple myeloma among women, a population-based case-control study using the Danish Cancer Registry data linkage system was conducted. All cases of myeloma diagnosed in Danish women between 1970 and 1984 (1,010 cases) and 4,040 age-matched women alive at the time of case-diagnosis were identified. Industrial histories from 1964 forward were obtained from the nationwide Pension Fund for 363 cases and 1,517 controls, and the most recent occupation on the tax record was available for 607 cases and 2,596 controls. Using industry/occupational-code combinations for the cases and controls who had industry employment, Danish industrial hygienists assessed the likelihood of exposure to 47 workplace substances. An increased myeloma risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.2, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.0–1.5) was seen for women not in the Pension Fund, but who had an occupational title coded as ‘Mrs/homemaker’. Nonsignificantly elevated risks of 1.3 or greater were observed for employment in: production of agricultural products; orchards/nurseries; spinning/weaving; other textile and plastics manufacturing; hotel, entertainment, and social services industries. Elevated, but nonsignificant risks were observed for possible and probable exposure to exhaust fumes, formaldehyde, wood dust, animals or animal products, and pesticides. The strongest association with myeloma was employment in the agricultural industry (OR = 1.5, CI = 0.8–2.8), however, the number of women who worked on family farms was unknown and could not be included in this risk estimate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051355
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple myeloma among blacks and Whites in the United States: the role of chronic antigenic stimulation (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 529-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Antigenic stimulation ; case-control study ; etiology ; multiple myeloma ; race ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) is twice as common among Blacks than Whites in the United States. The reasons for this racial disparity are unknown, and the etiology of this cancer in general, is poorly understood. Repeated or chronic antigenic stimulation (CAS) of the immune system has been suggested as a risk factor. Previous case-control studies have reported inconsistent CAS associations based on evaluations of individual and biologic categories of medical conditions. Interview data from 573 cases and 2,131 population-based controls were used to investigate further the CAS hypothesis using an immunologically based approach, and to determine whether CAS accounts for the excess of myeloma among Blacks. Over 50 medical conditions were grouped into biologically and immunologically related categories, and B-cell-and T-cell-mediated response groups. Except for urinary tract infections among Black men (odds ratio [OR]=2.0), no significantly increased risks of MM were observed. However, there was a suggestion of increased risk among Blacks with an increased exposure to anaphylatic conditions. Analysis by immunoglobulin type revealed significantly elevated risks of IgG myeloma with eczema (OR=2.1), the biologic category ‘allergic conditions” (OR=1.6), and the immunologic category ‘anaphylaxis response’ (OR=1.6) among Whites, with Blacks having slightly lower risks. Our findings do not support a causal relationship between CAS and MM, nor do they explain the higher incidence among Blacks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01831381
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