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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 414 (2001), S. 69-73 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Periodic bimanual movements are often the focus of studies of the basic organizational principles of human actions. In such movements there is a typical spontaneous tendency towards mirror symmetry. Even involuntary slips from asymmetrical movement patterns into symmetry occur, but not vice ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychological research 29 (1966), S. 297-359 
    ISSN: 1430-2772
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Summary The intention of the paper is to describe “Prägnanz”-phenomena in terms of information theory. Two different concepts for the application of informational variables to perceptual processes are discriminated. For several reasons, Attneave's concept (1951) is preferred: In the sense of information theory single figures can be treated as signal structures; thus the degree of regularity in them should be specifiable in terms of informational variables. Two “quasi-informational” parameters are used to describe the degree of regularity in simple dot patterns. It was expected that perceived figural quality of dot patterns would increase with the “redundancy“ of spatially distributed “messages”. At a constant word-length (= constant number of dots), the quality perceived should be the “better” the lower the entropy (or uncertainty) of the figure. In several experiments the information measures used turned out to be closely related to different operationally defined response-variables for figural quality, e.g. figural goodness-ratings and exactness of the reproduction of dot-positions. Besides, an inverse relationship is observed between “interestingness”-ratings and redundancy measures. The results are discussed in terms of information theory and psychological concepts. It is shown, that it has important implications on the psychological theory of perception to regard the human perceiver as an “information-decoding-system”. Apparently there must be some dynamically active system which enables the perceiver to utilize the redundancy of spatial brightness-distributions for sure and quick recognition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychological research 37 (1974), S. 25-50 
    ISSN: 1430-2772
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Versuch unternommen, einige Aspekte der Aufgabenanforderungen in Klassifikationsaufgaben mit mehrdimensional variierendem Figurenmaterial (MASC) zu analysieren und sie mit den entsprechenden nominellen (d. h. theoretisch postulierten) Aufgabenanforderungen zu vergleichen. Aufgrund von theoretischen Überlegungen und experimentellen Ergebnissen werden drei Korrekturen des allgemein akzeptierten Bildes dieser Art von Klassifikationsaufgaben vorgeschlagen: 1. Die Teilprozesse sind in vielen MASC-Aufgaben eher vom Typus der Merkmalsdetektion als vom Typus der dimensionalen Diskrimination. 2. Wenn nur ein Teil der variierenden Dimensionen relevant ist, kann irrelevante Variation mit der Verarbeitung der relevanten Information interferieren. 3. Wenn viele Dimensionen relevant sind, kann die Zahl der tatsächlichen Teilprozesse durch Zusammenfassung von Merkmalen reduziert sein, so daß in Wirklichkeit weniger Teilprozesse ablaufen als theoretisch angenommen wird. — Die Untersuchung führt zu der Schlußfolgerung, daß das Problem der Identifikation oder Kontrolle von funktionalen Einheiten der Verarbeitung durch die Verwendung von mehrdimensional variierendem Figurenmaterial nicht gelöst wird.
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to analyze some aspects of the task requirements in multiattribute stimulus classification (MASC), “actual” task demands are contrasted with “nominal” (i.e. theoretically assumed) task demands. On the basis of theoretical considerations and some experimental data corrections of the usually adopted picture of the task are suggested in three respects: 1. For many MASC tasks the component processes involved can better be conceived to be feature detection operations than dimensional discrimination processes. 2. When few dimensions are relevant, irrelevant interrogation may interfere with relevant processing. 3. When many dimensions are relevant, attribute chunking may occur, i.e. there may actually be fewer component processes than is theoretically assumed. — It is concluded that using multiattribute stimulus sets does not help to solve the problem of controlling or identifying functional units of information processing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychological research 48 (1986), S. 231-238 
    ISSN: 1430-2772
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Summary A model of target selection in continuous search tasks is outlined. The model was designed to account for two basic observations that are difficult to cover within the framework of the traditional target-control-type models of search, namely, pure detection (detection without identification) and pseudotarget detection (detection of new items not to be searched for). The model combines two basic assumptions: first, that targets are detected by default, that is, by virtue of the fact that they do not fit into an internal model of to-be-expected events (target detection by default) and second, that this internal model is generated, maintained, and updated on the basis of the nontarget information encountered during search (integration of non-target information). Furthermore, it is assumed that non-target integration and target detection can both be carried out at several processing levels simultaneously. The evidence available to support and develop the model is reviewed, and some of its general implications for a theory of selective attention are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychological research 60 (1997), S. 98-112 
    ISSN: 1430-2772
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract When subjects are confronted with sequences of stimuli that are constructed according to certain rules, they tend to improve their performance in terms of lower error rates and/or faster reaction times as compared to random sequences of the same stimuli, even if they are not able to report the regularities of events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychological research 45 (1984), S. 355-366 
    ISSN: 1430-2772
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Summary In continuous visual search, targets can be detected within a certain area around the fixation point (control area). Recent observations have suggested that these areas are asymmetrical in their vertical extent, i.e., that targets can be detected at greater distances below than above the fixation point. In order to obtain more direct evidence on this asymmetry, two experiments were conducted using a contingent-display technique. Pronounced asymmetry of the vertical detection span was observed. A model is presented according to which the asymmetry results from the superposition of two sources: the permanent distribution of sensitivity and the actual distribution of attention along the vertical axis of the visual field. The detectability of a target at a given location is a joint function of the strength of these two factors at that location.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychological research 56 (1993), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 1430-2772
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychological research 61 (1998), S. 1-3 
    ISSN: 1430-2772
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    AI & society 14 (2000), S. 31-47 
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: Awareness ; CSCW ; Evaluation ; Notification ; UI design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Presenting the activities of others at the user interface — thereby providing awareness — a is crucial aspect of CSCW systems. However, this problem is often neglected by existing designs. This paper discusses design requirements, introduces a notification design framework and describes the functionality ofPoliAwaC, a groupware client aimed specifically at supporting awarenes.PoliAwaC provides a variety of different graphical notification mechanisms which can be coupled to specific working situations using the AREA model. We also report on the evaluation of the system under real-life conditions in a German federal ministry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Computer supported cooperative work 5 (1996), S. 223-250 
    ISSN: 1573-7551
    Keywords: Organizational context ; awareness ; work process ; workspace
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a framework for the conceptual modelling of organizational contexts is provided and it is embodied into an extension of the TOSCA organizational handbook. The context of a work process is relevant since the effectiveness of the cooperation among its actors is highly dependent on their awareness of it. It requires, on the one hand, that the context is made available in terms of visibility and/or transparency; on the other, that at any time a selection is made so that only what is relevant to the context is provided, leaving the rest in the background. With respect to the first requirement a model of the organizational context is needed, so that all the information regarding its dimensions can be linked together. With respect to the second requirement, a work process model provides some guidelines for designing a system offering a selective access to the context of a work process. The workspace metaphor is a good paradigm to make that information ready at hand, since it is the natural framework within which people do their work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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