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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of the Glucose-1,6-Bisphosphate System in Brain and Retina (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 50 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of glucose-1,6-bisphosphate (G16P2) synthase was measured in more than 70 regions of mouse brain, and nine layers of monkey retina. Activities in gray areas varied as much as 10-fold, in a hierarchical manner, from highest in telencephalon. especially the limbic system, to lowest in cerebellum, medulla, and spinal cord. The synthase levels were significantly correlated among different regions with G16P2 itself, as well as with previously published levels of a brain specific IMP-dependent G16P2 phosphatase. In contrast, neither G16P2 nor either its synthase or phosphatase correlated positively with phosphoglucomutase. and in all regions the G16P2 levels greatly exceeded requirements for activation of this mutase. This strengthens the view that G16P: has some function besides serving as coenzyme for phosphoglucomutase. However, attempts to correlate the “G16P2 system,” as defined by the three coordinately related elements, synthase, phosphatase, and G16P2, with other enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, or with regional data of Sokoloff et al. [J. Neurochem. 28, 897–916 (1977)] for glucose consumption, were unsuccessful. This leaves open the possibility that brain G16P2 might serve as a phosphate donor for specific nonmetabolic effector proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb02952.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glucose Metabolism Assessed with 2-Deoxyglucose and the Effect of Glutamate in Subdivisions of Rat Hippocampal Slices (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 59 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: A new approach to the study of glucose phosphorylation in brain slices is described. It is based on timed incubation with nonradioactive 2-deoxyglucose (DG), after which the tissue levels of DG and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (DG6P) are measured separately with sensitive enzymatic methods applied to specific small subregions. The smallest samples had dry weights of sip0.5 mug. Direct measurements in different regions of hippocampal slices showed that within 6 min after exposure to DG, the ratios of DG to glucose in the tissue were almost the same as in the incubation medium, which simplifies the calculation of glucose phosphorylation rates and increases their reliability. Data are given for ATP, phosphocreatine, sucrose space, and K+ in specific subregions of the slices. DG6P accumulation proceeded at a constant rate for at least 10 min, even when stimulated by 10 mM glutamate in the medium. The calculated control rate of glucose phosphorylation was 2 mmol/ kg (dry weight)/min. In the presence of 10 mM glutamate it was twice as great. The response to 10 mM glutamate of different regions of the slice was not uniform, ranging from 164% of control values in the molecular layer of CA1 to 256% in the stratum radiatum of CA1. There was a profound fall in phosphocreatine levels (75%) in response to 10 mM glutamate despite a 2.4-fold increase in glucose phosphorylation. Even in the presence of 1 mM glutamate, the increase in glucose phosphorylation (50%) was not great enough to prevent a significant drop in phosphocreatine content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb11027.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of Three Enzymes of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Metabolism in Monkey Retina (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 42 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The distributions of glutamate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.15), γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase (EC 2.6.1.19), and succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.24) were determined in monkey retina. The decarboxylase was almost restricted to the inner plexiform layer. The transaminase was also highest in this layer, but activities were 40% as high in the adjacent third of the inner nuclear layer and in the ganglion cell and fiber layers. Succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase was distributed very differently. Although it also showed a peak of activity in the inner plexiform layer, there was a second equal peak in the photoreceptor inner segment layer and a smaller peak in the outer plexiform layer, regions where both γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase and glutamate decarboxylase were essentially absent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb02782.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of Exogenous Aspartate into Circumventricular Organs but Not Other Regions of Adult Mouse Brain (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 42 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Adult mice were treated intraperitoneally with aspartate (Asp) at one of several doses (0.47–3.75 mmol/kg) and 30 min later given a subcutaneous Asp injection at the same dose. This treatment regimen resulted in steady state blood Asp elevations, a given dose producing the same degree of elevation at both 30 and 60 min. The lowest and highest doses, respectively, produced fourfold and 55-fold elevations of serum Asp. In selected circumventricular organ (CVO) regions of brain which lack blood brain barriers, tissue Asp levels rose 1.5 and 3 times above control values following the lowest and highest doses, respectively, whereas tissue Asp remained unchanged in non-CVO brain regions. Thus, even very moderate Asp dosing causes marked increases in CVO Asp. In order to analyze the pattern of Asp uptake into CVO, Asp was assayed in numerous subdivisions of each CVO, and maps were constructed which reflected microregional concentration differences. The pattern of Asp distribution suggests that Asp enters brain via fenestrated capillaries serving certain portions of CVO and then spreads into adjacent brain tissue. In separate experiments, we administered a single high dose of Asp (15 mmol/kg) to both adult and infant mice and measured Asp in serum and select brain regions 60 min later. Asp concentrations in serum and CVO (but not other brain regions) rose markedly at both ages but the increases were greater in serum and therefore also in CVO of infants. This may explain in part the observation that a given dose of Asp destroys a larger number of CVO neurons in infant than in adult mice. Our findings support a growing body of evidence that CVO are an important communication link between blood and brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb02745.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thiol peroxidase is critical for virulence and resistance to nitric oxide and peroxide in the fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen most commonly causing meningitis in immunocompromised patients. Current therapies are inadequate, and novel antifungal targets are needed. We have identified by proteomics two thiol peroxidases that are differentially expressed at 37°C, the temperature of the mammalian host. Consistent with their antioxidant role, we show that the genes encoding these thiol-specific antioxidants, TSA1 and TSA3, are transcriptionally induced when C. neoformans is exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Genome sequence analysis of C. neoformans revealed a third thiol peroxidase, TSA4. We constructed single, double and triple mutants of the thiol peroxidase genes through homologous recombination and analysed their function by comparing the growth of these mutants with that of the wild-type strain. The tsa1Δ mutant shows sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and t-butylhydroperoxide, as well as significant growth retardation at 25°C and 38.5°C. The tsa1Δ mutant is also sensitive to NO, demonstrating a link between oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways. In two mouse models of cryptococcosis, the tsa1Δ mutant is significantly less virulent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.03921.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution in brain and retina of four enzymes of acetyl CoA synthesis in relation to choline acetyl transferase and acetylcholine esterase (1991)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 16 (1991), S. 629-635 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Choline acetyl transferase ; acetylcholine esterase ; acetyl CoA ; acetylcholine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eleven regions of mouse brain and twelve layers of monkey retina were assayed for choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), acetylcholine esterase (AChE), and 4 enzymes that synthesize acetyl CoA. The purpose was to seek evidence concerning the source of acetyl CoA for acetylcholine generation. In brain ATP citrate lyase was strongly correlated with ChAT as well as AChE (r=0.914 in both cases). Weak, but statistically significant correlation, was observed between ChAT and both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial thiolase, whereas there was a significant negative correlation between ChAT and acetyl thiokinase. In retina ChAT was essentially limited to the inner plexiform and ganglion cell layers, whereas substantial AChE activity extended as well into inner nuclear, outer plexiform and fiber layers, but no further. ATP citrate lyase activity was also highest in the inner four retinal layers, but was not strongly correlated with either ChAT or AChE (r=0.724 and 0.761, respectively). Correlation between ChAT and acetyl thiokinase was at least as strong (r=0.757), and in the six inner layers of retina, the correlation between ChAT and acetylthiokinase was very strong (r=0.932).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00965548
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzyme levels in cultured astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, and neurons from the cerebral cortex and superior cervical ganglia of the rat (1991)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 16 (1991), S. 991-999 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Cultured cell enzymes ; astrocytes ; oligodendrocytes ; Schwann cells ; neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Data are presented for 16 enzymes from 8 metabolic systems in cell cultures consisting of approximately 95% astrocytes and 5% oligodendrocytes. Nine of these enzymes were also measured in cultures of oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, and neurons prepared from both cerebral cortex and superior cervical ganglia. Activities, in mature astrocyte cultures, expressed as percentage of their activity in brain, ranged from 9% for glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to over 300% for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Creatine phosphokinase activity in astrocytes was about the same as in brain, half as high in oligodendrocytes, but 7% or less of the brain level in Schwann cells and superior cervical ganglion neurons and only 16% of brain in cortical neurons. Three enzymes which generate NADPH, the dehydrogenases for glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate, and the NADP-requiring isocitrate dehydrogenase, were present in astrocytes at levels at least twice that of brain. Oligodendrocytes had enzyme levels only 30% to 70% of those of astrocytes. Schwann cells had much higher lactate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities than oligodendrocytes, but showed a remarkable similarity in enzyme pattern to those of cortical and superior cervical ganglion neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00965842
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