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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Orofacial and gastrointestinal hyperplasia and neoplasia in smad4+/− and elf+/−/smad4+/− mutant mice (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Journal of oral pathology & medicine 34 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0714
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background:  Smad4 is vital to the roles of Smads 2 and 3 in transforming growth factor-beta (TGF)-β signal transduction, and inactivated Smad4 is common to human gastrointestinal cancers. The embryonic liver fodrin (ELF) is a β-spectrin that facilitates the nuclear translocation of activated Smad4.Methods:  Smad4 +/− mice, known to develop gastrointestinal cancer, were crossbred with elf+/− mice. The smad4+/− and smad4+/−/elf+/− offspring were autopsied as abnormalities developed.Results:  In addition to polyps and adenocarcinomas of the stomach and duodenum, the smad4+/− mice developed squamous cell carcinomas of the skin, oral mucosa and forestomach, benign neoplasms of connective tissue and lacrimal gland, and a lymphoma. The smad4+/−/elf+/− mice developed extensive hyperplasia and neoplasia of the gastric mucosa.Conclusion:  These findings indicate that investigating interactions among smad4, elf, and other genes involved in TGF-β signaling should be useful in further delineating the processes of neoplasia in a wide variety of tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2004.00246.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A polarized salivary cell monolayer useful for studying transepithelial fluid movement in vitro (1998)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 435 (1998), S. 375-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words Salivary gland ; Epithelial cell ; Polarity ; Protein targeting ; Aquaporin-1 ; Facilitated fluid movement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  There are no reported, convenient in vitro models for studying polarized functions in salivary epithelial cells. Accordingly, we examined three often-used salivary cell lines for their ability to form a polarized monolayer on permeable, collagen-coated polycarbonate filters. Only the SMIE line, derived from rat submandibular gland, had this ability. The SMIE cell monolayer exhibited junctional complexes, with a tight-junction-associated protein, ZO-1, localized to cell–cell contact areas. The Na+/K+-ATPase α1-subunit was detected predominantly in the basolateral membranes, while the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 2 appeared primarily in the apical membranes. Using adenovirus-mediated cDNA transfer, SMIE cells were shown to be capable of routing marker proteins (β-galactosidase ± a nuclear targeting signal, α1-antitrypsin, aquaporin-1) to appropriate locations. Furthermore, this salivary cell monolayer provided a convenient tool for studying aquaporin-1-mediated, osmotically directed, transepithelial fluid movement in vitro. Thus, SMIE cells appear to be a useful experimental model with which to study some polarized functions in a salivary epithelial cell line.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004240050526
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Myoepithelium of salivary glands (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 27 (1994), S. 25-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Transmission electron microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Histochemistry ; Cytokeratins ; Microfilaments ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: In salivary glands and other exocrine organs, there are starfish-shaped cells that lie between the basal lamina and the acinar and ductal cells. These have structural features of both epithelium and smooth muscle cells, and so are called myoepithelial cells. Their functions include contraction when the gland is stimulated to secrete, compressing or reinforcing the underlying parenchymal cells, thus aiding in the expulsion of saliva and preventing damage to the other cells. They also may aid in the propagation of secretory and other stimuli. Their common developmental origin with the basal cells of the larger ducts is displayed in the mature glands by shared structural and immunohistochemical features, but most such basal cells do not have the distinguishing features of myoepithelial cells, such as myofibrils. Although myoepithelial cells can be identified by light microscopy through enzyme histochemistry and special stains and immunohistochemistry for their myofibrils, these techniques can be misleading in salivary gland neoplasms. Thus, the most reliable means of identifying neoplastic myoepithelial cells is with a combination of histochemistry and electron microscopy. The extent to which these cells are derived from undifferentiated stem cells in both normal and neoplastic growth is controversial. The presentation here of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of well-differentiated myoepithelial cells in mitotic division indicates that stem cells are not necessarily the only source of myoepithelial cells in the later stages of salivary gland development or in neoplasia. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070270103
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proliferative activity by cell type in the developing rat parotid gland (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 241 (1995), S. 529-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Cell division ; Differentiation ; Growth and development ; Parotid gland ; Rat ; Salivary gland ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: In contrast to the considerable amount of research that has been done on the proliferative activity of the several types of parenchymal cells in the developing submandibular glands of rodents, systematic studies of cellular proliferation in the developing parotid gland have been confined to the acinar cells. The purpose of the present study was to attempt to fill this knowledge gap.Methods: Tritiated thymidine was parenterally administered to Sprague-Dawley rats at ages representative of the pre- and postnatal development of the parotid gland, and glands were harvested for autoradiography 90 min after injection. Mitotic activity among all cell types was verified by electron microscopy.Results: At all ages, the % labeled cells was much greater among the acini than any other cell type, including well-differentiated cells at 25 and 40 days. However, there were only small alterations in the proportions of cells comprised by the major cell types.Conclusions: Current theories on the histogenesis of salivary glands and their neoplasms are based on the renewing population model, in which both normal differentiated cells and neoplastic cells arise from undifferentiated stem cells in the ducts. However, these results suggest that most of the migration and redifferentiation in the developing rat parotid gland must be in the opposite direction, i.e., the acinar cells redifferentiate into ductal cells. They also indicate that until there are precise data on the rates of cell death among the several cell types, it remains more appropriate for salivary glands to be categorized as an expanding, rather than renewing, population. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092410411
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of the anterior buccal gland of the rat (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 213 (1985), S. 140-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The anterior buccal gland of the rat is a mucous salivary gland which develops as a branch of the main (Stensen's) duct of the serous parotid gland, a few mm from its oral orifice. The purpose of the present study was to further characterize the mature gland by means of electron microscopy and the histochemical demonstration of myoepithelial cells. The tubuloacini were found to have intercellular extensions (canaliculi) of the lumina, prominent Golgi complexes, and mucous secretory granules with a biphasic substructure. Discharge was by exocytosis of individual granules. The tubuloacini joined directly to striated ducts; no intercalated ducts were seen. First-order excretory ducts had larger lumina and shorter columnar cells, with fewer mitochondria and basal infoldings, than the striated ducts. Myoepithelial cells invested the tubuloacini but not the ducts. The anterior buccal gland has several features that are unusual for a minor salivary gland of mucous type, and which are usually associated with serous glands such as the parotid. It should provide a particularly interesting model for investigating factors which control the differentiation of secretory and myoepithelial cells, and the glycosylation of polypeptides to form mucous secretory products.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092130205
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chronology of peroxidase activity in the developing rat parotid gland (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 235 (1993), S. 611-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Peroxidase ; Parotid gland ; Salivary gland ; Rat ; Growth and development ; Biochemistry ; Cytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The course of development of salivary peroxidase, an enzyme that has an important role in oral defense mechanisms, has been well documented in rat submandibular glands. However, the only report on salivary peroxidase activity in the other major salivary glands of the rat has been a cytochemical study of the adult parotid gland. In the present investigation, the accumulation of salivary peroxidase activity in developing parotid glands of rats was followed both biochemically and cytochemically. Specific activity (units per mg protein) attributable to salivary peroxidase began at 1 day after birth, then rose rapidly but unevenly, with peaks at 21 and 70 days, and no difference between the sexes at any age. Activity per gland increased progressively to 42 days in both sexes and was significantly higher in males at 70 days. The cytochemical observations on peroxidase activity localized to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules of the developing acini were well correlated with the biochemical findings. Peroxidase-negative cells occurred in immature acini at 1 and 7 days, but only in the intercalated ducts thereafter. This observation suggests that the acini are a source of some of the ductal cells, at least during early postnatal development. The developmental pattern of specific activity differed from those of other rat parotid secretory enzymes, indicating that control of their synthesis during development is noncoordinate. The patterns of specific activity of the parotid and submandibular glands were complementary, suggesting that their combined secretions may supply biologically significant peroxidase activity to the oral cavities of rats throughout postnatal development. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092350414
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The anterior buccal gland of the Rat: A mucous salivary gland which develops as a branch of stensen's duct (1972)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 172 (1972), S. 167-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Examination of serial histologic sections of the head and neck regions of rats at selected age intervals from 14 days in utero to 100 days postnatally revealed that at 16 days in utero, a second salivary gland arises from the rudimentary parotid (Stensen's) duct. This gland develops more rapidly than the parotid gland; its acini are essentially mature prior to weaning, preceding parotid acini in this respect by several days. All cells of the secretory units of the mature gland stain positively with both alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff, indicating that the gland is of pure mucous type. The body of the gland occupies a space lateral and mostly superior to the maxillary buccal sulcus, nestled beneath the anterior bulge of the masseter muscle, near the point where the buccal and mandibular marginal branches of the facial nerve cross paths. It is the only salivary gland in the buccal wall anterior to the third molar; hence, the proposed name of anterior buccal gland. These observations suggest: (1) Samples of rat parotid saliva collected proximally and distally to the junction of the ducts of the parotid and anterior buccal glands are likely to differ significantly in the quality and quantity of mucosubstances which they contain. (2) The divergent differentiation of two branches of the same glandular primordium in this instance implies differences in the inductive qualities of their respective mesenchymal beds.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091720205
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The prenatal phase of the morphosis of the rat parotid gland (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 168 (1970), S. 127-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The progress of salivary gland morphosis was followed by microscopic examination of serial histologic sections of the heads and necks of rats at age intervals from 13 days in utero to two days postnatally. The anlagen of the submandibular and sublingual glands appear late in the thirteenth or early in the fourteenth day in utero, with the submandibular anlage appearing first. The parotid anlage appears last, later in the fourteenth day in utero, and is located in the buccal wall near the angle of the mouth. The cells of the anlage proliferate to form a narrow cord (the future Stensen's duct) with a cluster of cells at its distal terminus. By 16 days in utero, the terminal cluster has migrated to the vicinity of the developing mandibular ramus, at which point it begins to ramify. Ductal lumena begin to form at 17 days in utero, but the ductal system is not patent until 20 days in utero. These findings indicate that secretions of the parotid gland cannot enter the oral cavity until about two days before birth. The ductal systems of the submandibular and sublingual glands are patent at 17 days in utero, and morphologically both glands appear to be at a more advanced developmental stage than the parotid at the time of birth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091680201
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation of myoepithelial cells in the developing rat parotid gland (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 158 (1980), S. 299-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Parotid glands of rats were prepared for light and electron microscopy and for the histochemical demonstration of myofibrils and alkaline phosphatase (AkPase) activity. Through 18 days in utero, the epithelial cells of the developing gland remain relatively undifferentiated. At 20 days in utero, a few cells in the outer layer of the terminal buds and adjacent segments of ducts acquire a cilium, the initial indication that they are differentiating into myoepithelial cells (MEC). Up until the time of birth, the only additional characteristics of MEC that the outer cells develop are to flatten against the underlying cells, begin to send out processes, and produce a few dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Myofibrils and AkPase activity are first detected at the light microscopic level at five days after birth, around both the developing acini and intercalated ducts. Progressive increases in AkPase activity and in the size and number of myofibrils continue until the acini and intercalated ducts are invested with well-differentiated MEC at 15 days. Subsequently, as the acini undergo maturation during the weaning period (18-25 days), the MEC cease to surround the acini and assume the adult pattern of investing only the intercalated ducts. The pattern of MEC differentiation in the parotid gland differs from those in the sublingual and submandibular glands of the rat in several important respects. They begin to differentiate last, yet mature almost as early as do the MEC of the sublingual gland; they begin to differentiate prior to, rather than simultaneously with, the secretory cells; and their distribution changes as the acinar cells become mature.
    Additional Material: 30 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001580306
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation of myoepithelial cells in the developing rat sublingual gland (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 156 (1979), S. 543-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Sublingual glands of rats were prepared for light and electron microscopy and for the histochemical demonstration of myofibrils and alkaline phosphatase (AkPase) activity. Through 17 days in utero, the epithelial cells of the glandular rudiment are relatively undifferentiated. At 18 days, the inner cells of the terminal buds begin to assemble around a lumen and accumulate secretory granules, while the outer cells flatten and form long processes. At 19 days, many of the outer cells have dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum engorged with finely granular material. At 20 days, some of the outer cells have thin bands of microfilaments in their processes, suggesting that they are differentiating into myoepithelial cells (MEC). Though the secretory cells are almost mature at birth, only a few of the MEC have myofibrils detected with an actomyosin reaction, and AkPase activity is very weak. Progressive increases in AkPase activity and in myofibril size and number continue until the acini and intercalated ducts are fully invested with mature MEC at about 14 days after birth. Thus, the MEC and secretory cells begin to differentiate at the same time, but the MEC subsequently differentiate asynchronously with the secretory cells and with each other. Although the sublingual MEC are only partly differentiated in the newborn rat, their overall development occurs somewhat more rapidly than in the adjacent submandibular gland.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001560408
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