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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The temporal and spatial distribution of p21WAF expression in skin appendages (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 142 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: p21WAF is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor which is widely expressed in epidermal structures. Using a combination of double immunocytochemical staining and combined in situ hybridization, we show that there is a striking exclusivity between the expression of Ki67 and p21WAF in the hair matrix. Some cells that are Ki67-positive also express p53, but as they exit the cell cycle they assume p21WAF-positive/p53-negative status. By contrast, cells in the interfollicular epidermis of psoriatic lesions, in the sebaceous gland, and in the outer root sheath are p21WAF-positive/p53-positive but Ki67-negative. These results suggest that in some anatomical parts of the epidermis, p21WAF expression can accompany p53 expression, whereas in other parts, the expression of these markers is reciprocal, suggesting that other pathways may be controlling p21WAF expression. In order to define, functionally, the presence of p53-independent p21WAF expression in skin, we examined lesions of Bowen’s disease in which both alleles of p53 were inactivated. p21WAF expression was still observed, confirming a role for p53-independent expression of p21WAF in human skin in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03414.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of S100 proteins in normal human tissues and common cancers using tissue microarrays: S100A6, S100A8, S100A9 and S100A11 are all overexpressed in common cancers (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Histopathology 46 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2559
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Aims : To survey the expression of members of the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins in normal human tissues and common cancers using tissue microarrays. S100A6, S100A8, S100A9 and S100A11 have all been suggested to have potential roles in carcinogenesis and tumour progression but their expression has not been described in a wide range of human tissues and tumours.Methods and results : A custom-made tissue array, containing 291 tissue cores representing 28 tissue types and 21 tumour types, was used to produce sections that were immunostained for S100A2, S100A6, S100A8, S100A9, S100A11, calbindin 1, calbindin 2, S100B and parvalbumin. S100A6, S100A8 and S100A9 were expressed in 32%, 12% and 28% of breast cancers, respectively. There was a translocation of S100A11 expression from exclusively nuclear in normal tissues to cytoplasmic and nuclear in all common cancers.Conclusions : S100A6, S100A8, S100A9 and S100A11 are all expressed in common cancers, especially breast cancer. In addition, S100A11 undergoes a nucleocytoplasmic translocation which may have a direct influence on the proliferation of the cancer cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2005.02097.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of the transformation from calcium-deficient apatite to β-tricalcium phosphate (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 11 (2000), S. 799-804 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The structural changes that occur during the transformation of a Ca-deficient apatite, prepared by a wet chemical method, to β-TCp were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of as-prepared samples and samples calcined at temperatures between 500 and 1100 °C showed that the transformation occurs over the temperature range 710–740 °C, under non-equilibrium conditions. The change in crystallite size with increasing calcination/sintering temperature was studied by XRD using the Scherrer formula. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) analysis indicated considerable structural change in samples above and below this temperature range. Changes were observed in the hydroxyl, carbonate and phosphate bands as the calcination temperature was increased from 500 to 1100 °C. Even once a single β-TCP phase is obtained at 740 °C there remains a considerable amount of structural change at temperatures between 740 and 1100 °C. This effect was illustrated by an unusual change in the lattice parameters of the β-TCP structure and significant changes in the phosphate bands of FTIR spectra as the calcination temperature was increased. The results obtained in this study show that the combined experimental techniques of XRD and FTIR are excellent complimentary methods for characterizing structural changes that occur during phase transformations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008905613182
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of the transformation from calcium-deficient apatite to β-tricalcium phosphate (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 11 (2000), S. 533-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The structural changes that occur during the transformation of a Ca-deficient apatite, prepared by a wet chemical method, to β-TCP were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of as-prepared samples and samples calcined at temperatures between 500 and 1100 °C showed that the transformation occurs over the temperature range 710–740 °C, under non-equilibrium conditions. The change in crystallite size with increasing calcination/sintering temperature was studied by XRD using the Scherrer formula. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) analysis indicated considerable structural change in samples above and below this temperature range. Changes were observed in the hydroxyl, carbonate and phosphate bands as the calcination temperature was increased from 500 to 1100 °C. Even once a single β-TCP phase is obtained at 740 °C there remains a considerable amount of structural change at temperatures between 740 and 1100 °C. This effect was illustrated by an unusual change in the lattice parameters of the β-TCP structure and significant changes in the phosphate bands of the FTIR spectra as the calcination temperature was increased. The results obtained in this study show that the combined experimental techniques of XRD and FTIR are excellent complimentary methods for characterizing structural changes that occur during phase transformations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008961816208
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of hydroxyapatite and carbonated apatite by photo acoustic FTIR spectroscopy (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 8 (1997), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An understanding of the interfacial relationship between a bioceramic implant and the adjacent bonet issue is facilitated by precise characterization of the associated structures. The structure of different commercial synthetic hydroxyapatite powders and a novel carbonated apatite have been studied with photo-acoustic (PAS) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The PAS technique is an ideal method for analysing biomaterials, as materials can be analysed without the need to reduce the particle size or to dilute with KBr. Spectra from carbonated apatite appear to be different from those of commercial hydroxyapatite powders, with the main difference lying in the carbonate and phosphate ratio. Commercial hydroxyapatite powders from different sources have also been analysed and compared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018570213546
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of in vitro bioactivity and biocompatibility of Bioglass®-reinforced polyethylene composite (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 8 (1997), S. 809-813 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The bioactivity and biocompatibility of Bioglass®-reinforced high-density polyethylene composite (Bioglass®/HDPE) have been evaluated in simulated body fluid (SBF) and by in vitro cell culture, respectively. The formation of a biologically active hydroxy-carbonate apatite (HCA) layer on the composite surface after immersion in SBF was demonstrated by thin-film X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, indicating the in vitro bioactivity of Bioglass®/HDPE composites. The HCA layer was formed on the 40 vol% composite surface within 3 days immersion in SBF at a formation rate comparable to those on bioactive glass-ceramics, showing that in vitro bioactivity could be obtained in a composite. Furthermore, the composite was biocompatible to primary human osteoblast-like cells. In comparison with unfilled HDPE and tissue culture plastic control, a significant increase in cellular metabolic activity was found on the composite. Therefore, Bioglass®/HDPE composites have a promising biological response as a potential implant material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018581100400
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and characterization of fluoride-substituted apatites (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 8 (1997), S. 185-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Apatites were prepared with three different fluoride concentrations: 0.0 mM (pure hydroxyapatite) 2.5 mM and 5 mM. Reactions were performed in aqueous medium using a reaction between diammonium orthophosphate and calcium nitrate 4-hydrate and ammonium fluoride at temperatures of 3°, 25°, 60° and 90°C. The effects of reaction temperature and fluoride concentration on the crystal morphology, phase purity and crystallinity of the precipitates were observed, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ion chromatography. Transmission electron micrographs revealed that the crystallites precipitated at 3°C were spheroidal, but became increasingly acicular with increasing precipitation temperature. X-ray diffraction results indicated that all the materials produced were phase pure and that the crystallinity of apatites prepared at higher precipitation temperatures was higher than those prepared at lower precipitation temperatures. A significant difference in the a-axis dimension of fluoride-substituted apatites was observed, as compared to hydroxyapatite. FTIR spectroscopy revealed a hydroxyl band at 3568 cm-1, along with a broad peak of adsorbed water in the region of 3568 cm-1 to 2670 cm-1 in the hydroxyapatite and fluoride-substituted apatite powders. Hence by careful selection of the precipitation conditions and fluoride contents, the composition and morphology of fluoride-substituted apatite may be controlled and this has interesting implications for the development of these materials for biomedical implantation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018531505484
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fourier transform Raman spectroscopic studies of human bone (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 5 (1994), S. 775-778 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We have concluded preliminary investigations concerning the composition of human cortical bone tissue, and of a number of samples of synthetic hydroxyapatite, using Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman) spectroscopy. Deproteination procedures to remove the bulk of the collagen present in the tissue have allowed isolation of the mineral phase, and a comparison of the spectra obtained from the latter with those of synthetic hydroxyapatites has highlighted a number of discrepancies. FT-Raman spectra obtained for whole, wet bone samples have produced a degree of spectral detail that is much improved upon that available from existing studies. This has mainly been achieved by the successful elimination of fluorescence from the tissue, a problem which has dogged the Raman analysis of bone in particular.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00120375
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro degradation of poly(ester-urethanes) for biomedical applications (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 7 (1996), S. 17-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Degradation studies on a series of polyesterurethanes having different compositions of hard and soft blocks have been performed utilizing an accelerated test method. Degradation was followed by titrimetry, mass loss, mechanical properties and infrared spectroscopy. As the number of methylene groups present within the polyester moiety was increased, the resistance to degradation also increased. The presence of an aromatic component in the hard block reduced the rate of hydrolysis but the degradation in mechanical properties was accelerated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121184
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fourier transform infrared analysis of poly(ester-urethanes) at low temperature in-situ by using a newly constructed liquid nitrogen cooled sample stage (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 32 (1997), S. 2617-2621 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The design and use of an apparatus intended to cool samples for in-situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy study is described. Using liquid nitrogen as the cooling medium, a working sample temperature of −165°C was achieved. The combination of the cooling stage and FTIR spectroscopy allowed us to study the hydrogen bonding in polyurethanes at very low temperatures in-situ. Experimental results in the N–H and carbonyl absorption regions as a function of temperature are compared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018610719598
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