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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exposure to organochlorine compounds of population groups in Croatia (1996)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Environmental management and health 7 (1996), S. 9-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0956-6163
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Economics
    Notes: Summarizes and discusses published data on the exposure to organochlorine pesticides (DDT, HCH isomers, HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF). Presents the levels of organochlorine compounds found in human blood serum (general population and occupationally exposed subjects) and human milk. Also presents the calculated intake of organochlorine compounds by breast-fed infants and their mothers. Observes no marked difference between levels of organochlorine compounds in population groups from Croatia and those reported from most European countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09566169610123023
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dialkylphosphorus metabolites in the urine and activities of esterases in the serum as biochemical indices for human absorption of organophosphorus pesticides (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 20 (1991), S. 417-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ninety-seven agricultural workers were monitored for absorption of the organophosphorus pesticides methidathion, vamidothion, and azinphos-methyl, which were sprayed in an orchard during two seasons. Low levels of only one dialkylphosphorus metabolite (dimethyl phosphorothioate) were found in only eight workers in pre-exposure urine samples. More than one dialkylphosphorus metabolite was detected in almost all exposed individuals in after-exposure urine samples. The highest concentrations were measured after exposure to azinphos-methyl; the median concentrations of dimethyl phosphorodithioate and dimethyl phosphorothioate were 0.92 and 0.78 nmol/mg creatinine with a concentration range up to 14.3 and 53.7, respectively. Three diethylphosphorus metabolites were also detected in some samples, but at lower concentrations. Cholinesterase activities were decreased (31–48%) in the serum of 12 workers; four of those workers had no dialkylphosphorus metabolites in the urine. Paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in the serum were unaffected by the absorption of pesticides, and there was no correlation between the activities of these esterases and the metabolite concentrations in the urine. This study confirmed that dialkylphosphorus metabolites in the urine are a more sensitive index of absorption than cholinesterase inhibition in the serum but lack of correlation between cholinesterase inhibition and metabolite concentration indicates that both parameters should be monitored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01064413
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organochlorine pesticides in blood serum of the general yugoslav population and in occupationally exposed workers (1980)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 45 (1980), S. 217-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Organochloride pesticide residues ; Biological monitoring ; Human blood ; General population ; Exposed workers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The content of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues was determined by gas chromatography in serum samples of the general population living in four different parts of Yugoslavia and in two groups of occupationally exposed workers. The serum samples (193) were analyzed for p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, Lindane, and alpha-HCH. All samples contained p,p′-DDE. Few samples from the general population contained Lindane or alpha-HCH. Workers engaged in the production, formulation and packing of pesticides had a higher incidence and higher contents of the residues than the general population. The concentrations of residues in the general population fall within the ranges reported for other countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380785
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Levels of β-HCH, HCB, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT and PCBs in human milk from a continental town in Croatia, Yugoslavia (1986)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 58 (1986), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Organochlorine compounds ; Human milk ; DDE ; DDT ; β-Hexachlorocyclohexane ; Hexachlorobenzene polychlorobiphenyl compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Concentrations of β-HCH, HCB, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT and PCBs were determined by gas chromatography in 50 human milk samples collected from the general population during 1981/1982 in a continental town in Croatia (Yugoslavia). The samples were collected between one and 22 weeks after delivery from mothers breast-feeding one child only. The mothers' age was 18 to 31 years, and they were nursing their first or second child. All 50 samples contained β-HCH, HCB, p,p′-DDE and PCBs, whereas p,p′-DDT was present in 37 samples. The concentrations of β-HCH, HCB, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT and PCBs expressed on a whole milk basis were (median in μg/kg): 11, 7.1, 67, 7.3 and 22 respectively, and expressed on a fat basis (median in mg/kg): 0.28, 0.21, 1.9, 0.18 and 0.62 respectively. The fat content was 3.7% (median). PCBs were present in a mixture containing penta-, hexa- and heptachlorobiphenyls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00378542
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DDT Residues in samples of human milk, and in mothers' and cord blood serum, in a continental town in Croatia (Yugoslavia)* (1980)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 46 (1980), S. 267-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Biological monitoring ; DDT residues ; Human milk ; Human blood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Concentrations of p,p'-DDE, p,p′-DDD, and p,p′-DDT were determined in 34 samples of human milk obtained 3–5 days after delivery and in 37 samples obtained at later times of lactation (up to 55 weeks). All samples contained p,p′-DDE, but only several contained p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDT. The concentrations of p,p′-DDE were 31 μg/l in the beginning of lactation and 53 μg/l at later time intervals. The concentration ranges in both groups overlap almost completely and the difference in the mean values is not significant. Serum samples from 35 mothers and cord blood were also analyzed. All samples contained p,p′-DDE, the concentrations being 18 μg/l and 6.8 μg/l in the mothers' and cord blood serum, respectively. Serum samples of 24 nonpregnant women contained the same amount of p,p′-DDE (20 pg/1) as mothers' sera. All samples were collected in a continental town of Croatia (Yugoslavia) between 1977 and 1979. The concentrations of DDT residues were determined by gas chromatography, and two methods for extraction from milk were used and compared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380016
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of serum cholinesterase by trialkylphosphorothiolates (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 63 (1989), S. 489-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Serum cholinesterase ; Trialkylphosphorothiolates ; Inhibition kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of inhibition of horse serum cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) by six trialkylphosphorothiolates was studied (25° C, pH 7.4). The compounds were: OOS-trimethylphosphorothiolate (OOS-Me), OSS-trimethylphosphorodithiolate (OSS-Me), SSS-trimethylphosphorotrithiolate (SSS-Me) and their corresponding ethyl analogues (OOS-Et, OSS-Et, SSS-Et). The second order rate constants of inhibition ranged from 7.2 to 2128 mol−1 1 min−1, and the enzyme/inhibitor dissociation constants from 0.079 to 1.5 mM. The ethyl esters were better inhibitors than their methyl analogues and the OSS-compounds were better inhibitors than the OOS-or SSS-compounds. The same structure-activity relationship is known to hold for the reaction of the compounds with acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316454
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quinuclidinium-imidazolium compounds: synthesis, mode of interaction with acetylcholinesterase and effect upon Soman intoxicated mice (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 72 (1998), S. 289-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Keywords Acetylcholinesterase ; Quinuclidine-imidazolium compounds ; Reversible inhibition and protection of acetylcholinesterase against phosphorylation ; Antidotal effect against Soman poisoned mice ; Soman
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Four compounds were prepared: 3-oxo-1- methylquinuclidinium iodide (I), 2-hydroxyiminomethyl-1,3-dimethylimidazolium iodide (II) and two conjugates of I and II linked by -(CH2)3- (III) and -CH2-O-CH2- (IV). The aim was to evaluate separately the properties of I and II as opposed to III and IV, which contain both moieties in the same molecule. All four compounds were reversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7). The enzyme/inhibitor dissociation constants for the catalytic site ranged from 0.073 mM (II) to 1.6 mM (I). The dissociation constant of I for the allosteric (substrate inhibition) site was 4.8 mM. Possible binding of the other compounds to the allosteric site could not be measured because II, III and IV reacted with the substrate acetylthiocholine (ATCh) and at high ATCh concentrations the non-enzymic reaction interfered with the enzymic hydrolysis of ATCh. The rate constants for the non-enzymic ATCh hydrolysis were between 23 and 37 l/mol per min. All four compounds protected AChE against phosphorylation by Soman and VX. The protective index (PI) of I (calculated from binding of I to both, catalytic and allosteric sites in AChE) agreed with the measured PI; this confirms that allosteric binding contributes to the decrease of phosphorylation rates. The PI values obtained with III and IV were higher than those predicted by the assumption of their binding to the AChE catalytic site only. The toxicity (i.p. LD50) of compounds I, II, III and IV for mice was 0.21, 0.68, 0.49 and 0.77 mmol/kg body wt. respectively. All four compounds protected mice against Soman when given (i.p.) together with atropine 1 min after Soman (s.c.). One-quarter of the LD50 dose fully protected mice (survival of all animals) against 2.52 (IV), 2.00 (I and III) and 1.58 (II) LD50 doses of Soman.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002040050504
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The inhibitory power of 2-isopropoxyphenyl-N-methylcarbamate against serum cholinesterase of various individuals (1968)
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 23 (1968), S. 237-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Cholinesterase ; Human serum ; Inhibition by 2-isopropoxy-phenyl-N-methylcarbamate ; Spectrophotometric method ; Titrimetric method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inhibition of serum cholinesterase by 2-isopropoxyphenyl-N-methylcarbamate in the sera of 10 subjects was measuredin vitro at a pH of 7.4 and at 25
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00577402
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cholinesterase: substrate inhibition and substrate activation (2000)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 440 (2000), S. r118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Key words acetylcholinesterase ; butyrylcholinesterase ; catalytic constants ; substrate inhibition and activation ; apparent substrate inhibition and activation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between activities and substrate concentrations (pS-curves) was analysed for reactions of acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8). Catalytic constants Km, Kss, Vm, n and b were calculated from the Michaelis, Haldane, Hill and Webb equations in order to assess whether a given substrate also acts as an inhibitor or activator. It is suggested that the term substrate inhibition should only be attributed to substrates revealing bell-shaped pS-curves, while the terms apparent substrate inhibition or apparent substrate activation should relate to calculated values of the catalytic constants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004240000029
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