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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials in brain death (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 234 (1987), S. 211-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Somatosensory evoked potentials ; Brain death ; Head injury ; Coma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Simultaneous recording of somatosensory evoked potentials to median nerve stimulation above the upper and lower neck in brain-dead patients revealed that all cervical responses were preserved in 10%, whereas a marked reduction in amplitude or even loss of N 13b at the level of the C2 spinous process was observed in 90%. Of the patients, 55% revealed an additional loss of N 13a, recorded at the level of the C7 spinous process; in 15% all cortical and spinal evoked potentials were missing, but Erb's point waves were still normal. These results suggest two different origins of the main negative waves (N 13a and N 13b), recorded above the upper and lower cervical spinal cord. N 13a (C7) is supposed to arise in the dorsal horn at the C6/7 level, N 13b (C2) in the cervicomedullary junction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00618252
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials to median nerve stimulation: components N 13-P 13, N 14-P 14, P 15, P 16 and P 18 with different recording methods (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 228 (1982), S. 39-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Somatosensory evoked potentials ; Spinal and subcortical components ; Median nerve stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 48 Normalpersonen wurden die Normalwerte der spinalen und subkortikalen SEP-Komponenten (einschließlich P 16 und P 18) nach Medianus-Stimulation am Handgelenk ermittelt, wobei eine frontomediane Referenz (Fz) gewählt wurde. Bei einem Teil der Probanden (n=12) erfolgten zusätzliche Ableitungen der Reizantworten gegen eine Ohr- sowie eine extrakephale (Hand-) Referenz, um die Beziehungen der hierbei registrierbaren positiven „Far-field-Potentiale“ zu den einzelnen Komponenten des Nacken-SEP zu klären. Die von der oberen Nackenpartie (C 2-Fz) abgeleiteten Komponenten N 13 und N 14 stimmten in ihrer Latenz mit den von der Kopfhaut abgeleiteten Komponenten P 13 und P 14 überein, wobei ein Teil der Probanden anstelle zweier deutlich unterscheidbarer P 13- und P 14-Komponenten lediglich eine positive Potentialschwankung aufwies. Die bei frontomedianer Referenz konstant sichtbare P 15-Komponente wies bei allen Untersuchten eine 0,2–0,9 ms längere Latenz auf als das mit extrakephaler Referenz registrierte Far-field-Potential P 14, was gegen die von anderer Seite vermutete Identität dieser beiden Komponenten spricht. Die klare gegenseitige Abgrenzung der frühen somatosensiblen Reizantworten nach Medianusstimulation bei Wahl unterschiedlicher Referenzorte ist Voraussetzung für eine verfeinerte Lokalisationsdiagnostik innerhalb des lemniskalen Systems der Somatosensorik.
    Notes: Summary Comparative recordings of short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials with midfrontal (Fz), ear and non-cephalic reference electrodes were obtained in 12 normal subjects to define the site of the generators of the different components and the spatial distribution and interference of the different components recorded at the neck and scalp. Such investigations provide the basis for identical investigations in patients with focal lesions of the central nervous system. The N 13 recorded from the neck (C 2-Fz) and the inconsistently recorded component N 14 were quite similar in latency to the far-field potentials P 13 and P 14 recorded at the scalp (C3′, C4′—ear or hand). The component P 15 was clearly visible only in scalp-Fz leads and occurred 0.2–0.9 ms (mean 0.5 ms) later than P 14 in ear or hand reference recordings. This is evidence against the identity of these two components proposed by others. In a larger group of 48 subjects, using an exclusive Fz-reference lead, normal values were established of the components P 15, P 16 and P 18, as well as their scalp distribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313408
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combined recordings of compound nerve action potentials and spinal cord evoked potentials in differential diagnosis of spinal root lesions (1983)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 233 (1983), S. 103-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Somatosensory evoked potential ; Sensory nerve ; Action potential ; Demyelination ; Radiculitis ; Myelitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three cases are presented to demonstrate the diagnostic value of sensory neurography in combination with somatosensory evoked potentials in the diagnosis of proximally located neuropathy and its differentiation to centrally located demyelinating processes. Simultaneous recording of cortical and spinal evoked potentials, as well as peripheral nerve action potentials, revealed in two cases (herpes zoster, Guillain-Barré syndrome) a site of lesion at the spinal roots suggesting radiculitis and in one case (tick bite) a site of lesion central to the source of lumbar evoked potentials suggesting myelitis. In all cases almost complete recovery of sensory conduction velocities suggests a complete repair myelination not previously described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343431
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spinale und subkortikale somatosensorisch evozierte Potentiale nach Stimulation des N. Tibialis (1982)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 232 (1982), S. 251-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Somatosensory evoked potentials ; Spinal evoked potentials ; Far field potentials ; Evozierte Potentiale ; Somatosensibel ; Spinale und subkortikale Reizantworten ; Beinnervenstimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Oberflächenableitungen über den Dornfortsätzen L5, L1 und C2 nach Stimulation sensibler oder gemischter Beinnerven erlauben die Registrierung einer sequentiellen Abfolge von Potentialschwankungen, deren Ursprung in sensiblen bzw. motorischen Anteilen der Cauda equina („R”- und „A”-Welle), im Lumbosakralmark („S”-Welle) bzw. im Nucleus gracilis („N30”) vermutet wird. Bei Ableitungen von der Kopfhaut gegen eine Ohr- oder extrakephale Referenz stellen sich vor dem kortikalen Primärkomplex eine Serie positiver Vorwellen (far-field-Potentiale) dar, deren größte mit „N30” bei Nackenableitung korrespondiert. Anhand von Messungen bei 30 Normalpersonen wurden die Durchschnittswerte der Latenzen, der Latenzintervalle, der Amplituden und deren Seitendifferenzen ermittelt und die diagnostische Bedeutung der einzelnen Parameter anhand ausgewählter pathologischer Fälle diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Evoked potentials in response to unilateral stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve at the ankle were recorded above the spinous processes L5, L1, C2, and at Cz′ in 30 normal subjects. The “cauda-potential” recorded above L5 consists of two small negative peaks with a mean latency of 18 and 22.5 ms respectively, whereas the “cord-potential” recorded above L1 exhibited a peak latency of 21.2 ms and on average a three-times larger amplitude than the first of the two “cauda-potentials” (Fig. 1). Leads from the spinous process C2 revealed a sharp negative peak with a mean peak latency of 28.8 ms (N30). Scalp recordings with a midfrontal (Fz-) reference inconsistently showd 1–2 small waves (P31, N33) prior to the primary, cortical response (P40). Recordings with an ear-or non-cephalic reference consistently showed a large positive deflection (P30) which corresponded in latency with the simultaneously recorded cervical response (N30) and was followed by a distinct negative potential (N33) (Fig. 2a and b). Average latencies and amplitudes of the different spinal and subcortical evoked potentials (Tables 1 and 2), as well as the diagnostically more important interpeak-intervals, amplitude relations, and side-differences of latencies and amplitudes (Tables 3 and 4) were calculated. The diagnostic significance of these parameters will be shown in selected cases with spinal cord pathology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02141785
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatosensory evoked potentials following median and tibial nerve stimulation in patients with Friedreich's ataxia (1987)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 236 (1987), S. 358-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Friedreich's ataxia ; Medianus-SEP ; Tibialis-SEP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The changes in evoked potentials following median and tibial nerve stimulation in nine patients with clinically defined Friedreich's ataxia are reported and discussed. The response originating in the brachial plexus (Erb's point potential) was absent or reduced in amplitude with no prolongation of peak latency, and the response generated in the cauda equina (N18) was absent in all cases. Conduction time from the brachial plexus to cervical spine and medulla oblongata was normal, whereas the central conduction time (N13a/N20, N13b/N20) was delayed. There was moderate to marked attenuation of the primary cortical response to median nerve stimulation. In one patient N20 disappeared during the course of the disease as opposed to the persisting subsequent negative wave, the latter thus simulating a very marked delay in the primary cortical response. Accordingly the cortical response to tibial nerve stimulation, which was only present in two patients and was markedly delayed, might represent a later potential with the primary response absent. The findings are consistent with neuropathological descriptions of a dying back neuropathy with primary axonal degeneration concerning the 1st order sensory neuron. In addition there is evidence either of delayed conduction in 2nd and 3rd order sensory neurones or of abnormal synaptic transmission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377425
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