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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 43 (1995), S. 2662-2666 
    ISSN: 1520-5118
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1438-2385
    Keywords: Stable carbon isotopes ; IRMS ; Wine ; Ethanol ; EC data bank
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract In the present work we discuss the usefulness of carbon isotope analysis of wine ethanol for the assignment of origin and the proof of adulteration of Italian, French and German wines. At first the comparability of the results from three laboratories is demonstrated by the results of inter-laboratory comparison measurement and by tests of the distillation procedures applied to the same samples. Furthermore, a close correlation of carbon isotope content in sugars from must and ethanol from the related wine could be found for samples from all countries. Using the δ13C values of EC data bank wines from 1991 to 1993 for Italy, France and Germany, we describe and discuss the main factors of influence which are responsible for the variation of those values. By examination of spiked samples, the usefulness of the δ13C analysis in the detection of certain types of wine enrichment is demonstrated; especially if the carbon isotope analysis by13C-8 isotope ratio mass spectrometry is employed as an additional tool for improving the security of the already officially performed determination of the site-specific hydrogen isotope content in wine ethanol by2H-NMR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European food research and technology 195 (1992), S. 307-311 
    ISSN: 1438-2385
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Da dieδ 13C-Werte von Honigen allein nicht immer eindeutig den Nachweis von Verfälschungen mit Zucker aus C4-Pflanzen erlauben, wurde nach einem kürzlich beschriebenen Verfahren die Differenz derδ 13C-Werte von Honig und Honigprotein (Innerer Standard) verglichen. Bei unverfälschten Proben fand sich im Mittel eine Differenz von +0,1‰ (Bereich +1,1 bis −0,9‰). Als Nachweisgrenze des Verfahrens ist derzeit aufgrund der natürlichen Streuung derδ 13C-Werte eine Verfälschung mit 7% Zucker aus C4-Pflanzen anzunehmen. Ein Nachweis des Zusatzes von Zuckern aus C3-Pflanzen (z. B. Rübenzucker) ist mit dieser Methode nicht möglich, der Nachweis einer entsprechenden Verfälschung bei bestimmten Honigarten gelingt aber auf der Basis derδ d-Werte. Die Durchführung des Probenaufschlusses für dieδ 13C-Bestimmung mit einem automatischen Verfahren ergab zufriedenstellende Übereinstimmungen mit der konventionellen Methode, so daß die Basis für eine rasche Analyse vieler Proben gegeben ist. Dies wird, neben den Messungen derδ-Werte anderer stabiler Isotope (δ 15N,δ 18O), als Voraussetzung gesehen, die Aussagekraft und Präzision der Methode noch weiter zu verbessern.
    Notes: Summary As theδ 13C values of honeys alone cannot definitely be used to prove adulteration by addition of C4 plant sugars, they have been determined in correlation to those of the protein from honey (as an internal standard), as recently recommended. For authentic samples, a mean difference of +0.1‰ (range +1.1 to −0.9‰) was found; more negative differences indicate the addition of C4 plant sugars. As a limit for the detection of adulteration, an addition of 7% must be taken into account. Addition of C3 plant sugars (for example, beet sugar) cannot be proved by this method; however, for certain types of honey, authenticity can be confirmed by determination of theδ d values. A new sample preparation method forδ 13C determination using an automated system was tested and yielded satisfactory agreement with the results of the conventional sample preparation method. This means that a greater number of samples can be measured in a short time. This advantage and the possibility of measuring other isotopic parameters in a honey sample (for example,δ 15N andδ 18O) are conditions for improving the security and precision of the method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1438-2385
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die δD- und die δ13C-Werte der Zuk-ker und die δ13C-Werte fester Bestandteile (Pulpe; bei Citrussäften) aus einer größeren Anzahl von naturbelassenen Apfel-, Grapefruit-, Orangen- und Zitronen-Säften sowie die δD- und δ13C-Werte von Glucose aus Maisund Kartoffelstärkehydrolysaten sowie von Rübenzuk-ker wurden bestimmt. Die Resultate zeigen pflanzen- und klimatypische Bereiche, die trotz einiger Überschneidungen Verfälschungen (Zuckerung) in unbekannten Proben zu erkennen erlauben. Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit Resultaten konventioneller Analysen (Bestimmung der RSK-Parameter) führt zu sehr guten Übereinstimmungen, so daß aus der Kombination dieser konventionellen Untersuchungsmethoden mit der Isotopen-Verhältnismessung ein zuverlässiger Nachweis des unerlaubten Zuckerzusatzes von Zucker aus C3- oder C4-Pflanzen zu Säften resultiert. Als weiterer Ausbau des Verfahrens wird der Einbezug von δ18O-Bestimmungen empfohlen.
    Notes: Summary The δD and δ13C values of the sugars and the δ13C values of the solid ingredients (pulp; in citrus juices) of a larger number of natural apple, grapefruit, orange and lemon juices, as well as the δD and δ13C values of glucose from corn and potato starch hydrolysates and from beet sugar, have been determined. The values cover plant and climate typical areas which permit, in spite of some overlap, the recognition of the addition of sugar to the juices. A comparison of the results with those of conventional analyses (determination of RSK parameters) agree satisfactorily, thus demonstrating that a combination of these classical criteria together with the isotope ratio determination prove that sugars form C3-or C4-plants are illegally added to the juices. With respect to further development of the method future integration of δ18O measurements is recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1438-2385
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The meanδ 13C values of organic substances are not always sufficient for their assignment to a natural or synthetic origin. This is because natural variations in theδ 13C values produce overlapping ranges. However, on the basis of relationships through biosynthetic pathways, isotopic correlations between different substances from the same origin and between given parts of positions within molecules can be postulated. It is demonstrated that “external or internal standardization” provides more reliable results on the basis ofδ-value determinations. As shown, even the addition of small amounts (≧10%) of C4 sugars to C3 plant products (honey, orange juice) can be identified by correlating theδ 13C value of the sugar to that of other products (protein, cellulose, acids) from the same source. Glycosides are compounds bearing their own internal standard of a primary product, namely the sugar moiety. Other compounds are examples of isotopic correlations between different parts of one molecule originating from different biosynthetic pathways and even from different stages of the same pathway; completely different patterns occur in synthetic analogues. For reduction in the expenditure of labour used to obtain these results, methodological improvements are needed. One of these, the coupling of gas chromatography (GC) to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), provides the basis for fast and sensitive multicompound on-line isotope analysis for13C. Progress towards the extension of this principle to the corresponding analysis of other bioelements is reported, enlarging the potential to a multicompound multielement on-line GCIRMS for authenticity proofs in food and flavour analysis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die globalenδ 13C-Werte organischer Moleküle allein lassen oftmals keinen Schluß darüber zu, ob diese synthetischen oder natürlichen Ursprungs sind, da sich die Bereiche derδ 13C-Werte wegen der existierenden natürlichen Variationsbreiten überlappen. Auf der Basis bekannter Biosynthesewege kann man jedoch davon ausgehen, daß sich zum einen zwischen unterschiedlichen Substanzen gleicher Herkunft in denδ 13C-Gesamtwerten Zusammenhänge ergeben werden, ferner, daß zwischen bestimmten Teilen eines einzelnen Moleküls oder sogar seinen einzelnen Kohlenstoffatomen feste Beziehungen der Isotopenverhältnisse vorliegen. Diese Tatsachen ermöglichen eine interne Standardisierung, so daß auf Grund der gemessenenδ 13C-Wert-Verhältnisse die Herkunft einzelner Verbindungen nunmehr sicher erkannt werden kann. So wird gezeigt, daß bereits die Zugabe geringer Mengen (ca. 10%) von C4-Zuckern zu Produkten aus C3-Pflanzen (Honig, Orangensaft) nachgewiesen werden kann, wenn man denδ 13C-Wert des betreffenden Zuckers mit dem anderer Produkte (Protein, Cellulose, Säuren) der selben Herkunft vergleicht. Die natürlichen Glykoside erweisen sich als sehr gute Beispiele dafür, daß einzelne Verbindungen ihren internen Standard in Form eines Primärproduktes der Biosynthese, nämlich des Kohlenhydrates, in sich selbst tragen. Bei anderen Verbindungen erkennt man entsprechende Zusammenhänge der Isotopenverteilung in einzelnen Molekülteilen, wenn diese aus unterschiedlichen Biosynthesewegen kommen, oder sogar bei Molekülteilen, die aus unterschiedlichen Stadien des gleichen Weges herstammen. Bei synthetischen Verbindungen ist dagegen das Muster der Isotopenverteilung davon völlig verschieden. Zur Minderung des hohen Arbeitsaufwandes für die Probenaufbereitung ist eine Weiterentwicklung von Meßmethoden erforderlich. Eine davon ist die direkte Kopplung der GC mit der Isotopenverhältnis-Massenspektroskopie, eine empfindliche und schnelle Methode für die13C-Analyse von Gemischen. Diese Methode läßt sich auch auf andere Elemente (H, N, O) ausdehnen und damit weiterentwikkeln zu einer Multikomponenten-Multielement-Analytik für den Nachweis von Verfälschungen bei Lebensmitteln und Aromastoffen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European food research and technology 202 (1996), S. 55-59 
    ISSN: 1438-2385
    Keywords: Stable isotopes ; Fruit juice ; Origin assignment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The combination of the relative abundances of carbon and nitrogen isotopes (δ13C- and δ15N-values) in fruit juice pulps led to characteristic clusters, on the basis of which regional origin assignments of citrus juices were possible, which would not have been attained on the basis of only one of these parameters. Thus, while the δ13C-values of juice pulps from Italy partially overlapped with those from Brazil, the δ15N-values permitted an origin assignment. First attempts to extend this multi-isotope analysis to a multi-compound15N analysis, by correlating the δ15N-values of fruit juice pulps to those of free amino acids, were promising. The results obtained were in line with general observation on15N abundances and biochemical correlations of secondary plant products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European food research and technology 203 (1996), S. 277-282 
    ISSN: 1438-2385
    Keywords: Apple juice ; Sugar addition ; Oxygen stable isotope method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Using a modified method for the determination of the18O/16O ratio in water the δ18O values for authentic apple juice concentrates (70 °Brix) of known origin, for industrially produced invert sugar syrups, for commercial apple juice concentrates, and for spiked apple juice concentrates have been measured. The δ18O values for the authentic apple juice concentrates were correlated to the δ18O values of the related pressed (single strenght) apple juices and to the sugar content of the concentrates in °Brix. The results for the samples were compared to and evaluated together with the δ13C values for the sugars. Concluding from the results, a minimum value for authentic apple juice concentrate of 0 to 1%., depending on the regional origin of the material, is suggested, while the determination of the δ18O value of apple juice concentrate is preferably used in addition to the already well known methods on the basis of stable isotope measurement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Keywords: Key words Stable isotopes ; Multi-element analysis ; Milk ; Origin assignment ; Quality control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  Relative carbon and nitrogen stable isotope abundances in total milk reflect the isotopic composition of the diet fed to the dairy cows; this diet and its δ-values depend on geographical and climatic factors. Milk from regions dominated by grassland typically shows relatively negative δ13C-values, while in regions dominated by crop cultivation the δ13C-values are more positive. The δ15N-values are influenced by factors such as soil conditions, the intensity of agricultural use and the climate. Casein in authentic milk samples is enriched in both 13C and 15N as compared to total milk, while the whey fraction is slightly enriched in 13C and depleted of 15N. The isotopic content of milk, casein and whey from one location have been measured throughout a period of longer than 1 year; variations are usually not greater than 1‰. In milk water, the 18O content was increased by between 2 and 6‰ as compared to ground water.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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