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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Alprazolam on Complex Human Functioning (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of applied social psychology 26 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1559-1816
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Benzodiazepines can reduce anxiety, can have favorable effects upon sleep, and may diminish problems that interfere with patients' quality of life. On the other hand, these drugs can generate transient anterograde amnesia and may diminish aspects of task performance. Research on the impact of alprazolam and other “tranquilizing” drugs has generally focused on tasks that remain below the complex efforts of managerial or professional personnel. Alprazolam-induced reduction of anxiety under challenging conditions might aid complex task performance, yet anterograde amnesia might interfere. In the present research, managers participated in validated complex simulation tasks. In a double-blind, dual crossover design, placebo, 0.5 mg, or 1.0 mg alprazolam was administered on 2 occasions during the task day. Drug treatment diminished performance on measures that require sequential actions but improved performance on measures less subject to short term memory but more determined by long-term style of functioning. Thus, depending on task requirements, positive or negative alteration of performance might occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb00105.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relative abuse liability of diazepam and oxazepam: Behavioral and subjective dose effects (1984)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 84 (1984), S. 147-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Diazepam ; Oxazepam ; Subjective effects ; Psychomotor effects ; Relative potency ; Time course ; Tolerance ; Abuse liability ; Drug abuse ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of diazepam (10–160 mg) and oxazepam (30–480 mg) were studied in volunteers with histories of drug abuse. Oral doses were administered every third day under double-blind and counterbalanced conditions. Dose-effects with area under the time-action curve data (AUC) showed diazepam to be 2.6-5.7-times more potent than oxazepam on various psychomotor, cognitive, staff-rated, and subjective measures. Comparison of relative potencies showed diazepam to be relatively more potent in producing ‘liking’ than in producing psychomotor and cognitive effects. Diazepam produced greater peak effects than oxazepam on a number of staff- and subject-rated measures, including liking. Onset of effect was more rapid and time to maximal effect was shorter (1–2 h versus 4–12 h) with diazepam than oxazepam, while time to offset of effect was similar for the two drugs. Diazepam was categorized as producing barbiturate-like subjective effects (38.3%) more frequently than was oxazepam (13.8%), while oxazepam was identified as placebo more often than diazepam. Repeated administration of 160 mg diazepam and 480 mg oxazepam showed that AUC liking was greater for diazepam than oxazepam and that tolerance to psychomotor and cognitive effects occurred with oxazepam but not diazepam. This study suggests that diazepam may have a higher abuse liability than oxazepam.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427437
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diazepam and triazolam self-administration in sedative abusers: concordance of subject ratings, performance and drug self-administration (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 309-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Diazepam ; Drug abuse ; Triazolam ; Self-administration ; Benzodiazepines ; Memory impairment ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The reinforcing effects of diazepam (DZ), triazolam (TZ) and placebo were examined in eight male subjects with histories of sedative abuse. DZ (40 or 80 mg), TZ (1.0 or 2.0 mg) and placebo were each individually available for oral self-administration using a double-blind within-subject design. After an initial sampling exposure, subjects could self-administer a single dose of drug on each of 6 days by completing a progressively increasing bicycle riding requirement. All subjects initially self-administered DZ and TZ but a decreasing number of subjects continued to self-administer drugs on the remaining days; there was no difference between DZ and TZ in the total number of self-administrations. Placebo was self-administered only by one subject on two occasions. Performance measures showed that TZ produced greater memory impairment than DZ and that DZ produced residual psychomotor impairment on the next day. With repeated dosing, evidence of tolerance was seen for both drugs on psychomotor and memory performance and subject ratings of drug liking. A few modest correlations of drug self-administration and subject-ratings were obtained, suggesting some correspondence of subject verbal and drug self-administration behaviors, but these measures did not covary in a completely consistent manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445549
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute effects of marijuana smoking on aggressive, escape and point-maintained responding of male drug users (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 111 (1993), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Aggression ; Escape ; Human ; Marijuana ; Operant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aggressive, escape and point-maintained operant responding of male marijuana smokers were measured during six 25-min sessions conducted over an 8-h experimental day. Aggressive responding ostensibly subtracted points exchangeable for money from another subject. Escape responding protected the subject's counter from point subtractions initiated by the other subject for some period of time. Aggressive and escape responding were engendered by subtracting points from the subjects and maintained by initiation of intervals free of point subtractions. Point subtractions presented to the subjects were attributed to other persons. Subjects earned points exchangeable for money on a third response option. Subjects participated in one session prior to smoking and five sessions after smoking. Subjects smoked placebo or three different potencies of active marijuana cigarettes. Marijuana smoking effects on escape responding were not significant and depended upon the frequency of provocation. Point-maintained responding was decreased after marijuana smoking. Aggressive responding was increased for the first hour after smoking and returned to placebo levels later in the day. These effects of marijuana smoking on aggressive responding are discussed in terms of subject characteristics, particularly drug use history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245518
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isradipine, a dihydropyridine-class calcium channel antagonist, attenuates some of d-methamphetamine’s positive subjective effects: a preliminary study (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 144 (1999), S. 295-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Methamphetamine ; Reward ; Isradipine ; Subjective effects ; Calcium channel antagonist ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract   Rationale: Dopamine (DA) pathways in the midbrain mediate d-methamphetamine’s rewarding effects associated with its abuse liability. Isradipine, a dihydropyridine-class calcium channel antagonist, reduces the rewarding effects of psychostimulants such as cocaine and d-amphetamine, presumably by antagonizing these central DA pathways. This is the first experiment to test the hypothesis that the rewarding effects of d-methamphetamine, like other psychostimulants, can be reduced by isradipine. Objective: We studied the effects of high dose isradipine (0.21 mg/kg orally), on the positive subjective effects associated with the abuse liability of low and high dose d-methamphetamine (0.21 mg/kg and 0.42 mg/kg orally, respectively). Methods: Using a double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, Latin-Square, cross-over design, 18 healthy male and female volunteers received each of the following six treatments separated by a rest period of 2–7 days: a) placebo+placebo; b) low-dose d-methamphetamine+placebo); c) high-dose d-methamphetamine+placebo; d) high dose isradipine+placebo); e) low-dose d-methamphetamine+high dose isradipine, and f) high-dose d-methamphetamine+high dose isradipine. Results: d-Methamphetamine produced orderly increases in positive subjective measures of both stimulation and mood. Pre-treatment with isradipine significantly reduced some of these positive subjective effects and craving for d-methamphetamine. Conclusion: Isradipine as an anti-reward or craving reducing medication is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of d-methamphetamine dependence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130051007
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