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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Robert Merton's Contributions to the Sociology of Deviance (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Sociological inquiry 59 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-682X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology
    Notes: This paper assesses the theoretical and policy significance of one of Robert Merton's most influential contributions to modern sociology, the anomie or “strain” theory of deviant behavior. The enduring theoretical significance of strain theory lies in its sociological completeness. Strain theory preserves the interconnection between culture and social structure which is neglected or defined away by cultural and control theories of deviance. In its emphasis on socially structured contradictions in the relations of consumption, strain theory is also broadly consistent with and complements more conflict-oriented theories of crime and deviance. A major weakness of Merton's argument is its failure to clearly distinguish the etiological significance of the distribution of opportunities (mobility) and the distribution of outcomes (equality), which has led to misinterpretations of the policy implications of strain theory. Ironically, these problems are revealed through a kind of self-criticism that applies the basic tools of Mertonian functional analysis to strain theory. The paper concludes that, ambiguities notwithstanding, for purposes of theoretical integration and substantive insight, strain theory remains an important sociological perspective on deviance, especially when set in the context of Merton's broader sociological legacy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1989.tb00120.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE RISE AND DECLINE OF HOMICIDE- AND WHY (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Public Health 21 (2000), S. 505-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 0163-7525
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A dramatic rise in homicide in the latter half of the 1980s peaked during the 1990s and then declined at an equally dramatic rate. Such trends in homicide rates can be understood only by examining rates in specific age, sex, and racial groups. The increase primarily involved young males, especially black males, occurred first in the big cities, and was related to the sudden appearance of crack cocaine in the drug markets of the big cities around 1985. This development led to an increased need for and use of guns and was accompanied by a general diffusion of guns into the larger community. The decline in homicide since the early 1990s has been caused by changes in the drug markets, police response to gun carrying by young males, especially those under 18 years old, the economic expansion, and efforts to decrease general access to guns, as well as an increase in the prison population and a continued decline in homicide among those over age 24. The lessons learned from the recent homicide trends and the factors associated with them have important implications for public health and the criminal justice system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.21.1.505
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE UCR-NCS RELATIONSHIP REVISITED: A REPLY TO MENARD (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Criminology 30 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-9125
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01096.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TREND AND DEVIATION IN CRIME RATES: A COMPARISON OF UCR AND NCS DATA FOR BURGLARY AND ROBBERY (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Criminology 29 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-9125
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law
    Notes: Trends and year-to-year deviations in UCR and NCS data on burglary and robbery are examined for the period 1973 to 1985. We find strong correspondence between year-to-year deviations in UCR crime rates and NCS victimization rates for both crime types. The difference between the two data series lies primarily in their contrasting trends, although there is some evidence that trends in UCR and NCS crime rates have been converging in recent years. Ex post forecasts reveal that the UCR/NCS relationships estimated from the 1973–1985 data continued through 1986 and 1987. Although the UCR rates in 1986 were somewhat influenced by unusual increases in the proportion of crimes reported to the police that year, changes in crime reporting for the period as a whole have had little effect on UCR burglary and robbery rates. We conclude that, within the two serious crime types examined in this study, there is strong consistency between the alternative data sources on variations in crime rates over time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1991.tb01066.x
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  • 5
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    "The Crooked Ladder: Gangsters, Ethnicity, and the American Dream". By James M. O'Kane (Book Review) (1995)
    Chapel Hill, N.C. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Social Forces. 73:3 (1995:Mar.) 1180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0037-7732
    Topics: Sociology
    Notes: BOOK REVIEWS
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pao:&rft_dat=xri:pao:article:1203-1995-073-03-000066
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The social sources of homicide in different types of societies (1991)
    Springer
    Sociological forum 6 (1991), S. 51-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7861
    Keywords: homicide ; social inequality ; nonindustrial societies ; political and military organization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology
    Notes: Abstract A consistent finding to emerge from cross-national studies of crime is a positive relationship between the degree of social inequality and levels of homicide. This finding contrasts with the results of anthropological case studies that reveal high rates of homicide in some extremely egalitarian societies. Viewed together, these two sets of findings raise the question of whether the patterns observed in cross-national research on homicide are generalizable to the typically small, nonindustrial “simple societies” studied by anthropologists, but generally neglected by comparative sociologists. We address this issue in an analysis of homicide for a sample of small, nonindustrial societies. Our findings indicate that the degree of inequality in such societies is not significantly associated with the level of homicide. By contrast, levels of homicide do vary systematically with the complexity of the political and military organization of such societies. These results suggest that some of the most important findings of cross-national research in sociology are not readily generalizable across different types of societies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01112727
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formal reasoning in late adulthood: The role of semantic content and metacognitive strategy (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of adult development 2 (1995), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3440
    Keywords: Reasoning ; adulthood ; semantic content ; metacognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments explored the availability of deductive or formal reasoning in late adulthood. In Experiment 1, fifty young (M=19.0 years) and 50 elderly adults (M=81.0 years) were assessed using adaptations of Wason's selection task and rated task content for familiarity, affect, and agreement. In Experiment 2, 100 young (M=21.0 years) and 100 elderly adults (M=81.0 years) were similarly assessed, with half of the subjects in each age group receiving a metacognitive strategy to facilitate reasoning. Results from Experiment 1 indicated equivalent reasoning among the groups on problems employed in earlier developmental research. In contrast, problems constructed to entail affect resulted in poorer performance by older adults. In Experiment 2, both young and older adults who used the metacognitive strategy reasoned equally acrossall problems. In both experiments, familiarity and agreement did not play a role in deductive reasoning performance, but affect seemed to be an interfering factor. Results are discussed in terms of competence-procedure and stability-decrement models of adult cognitive development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02261737
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Facilitating Violence: A Comparison of Gang-Motivated, Gang-Affiliated, and Nongang Youth Homicides (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of quantitative criminology 15 (1999), S. 495-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7799
    Keywords: violence ; youth homicide ; gangs ; facilitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Law
    Notes: Abstract It is well established that gangs facilitate violent offending by members,but the mechanisms by which that facilitation occurs remain unclear. Gangsmay promote violence indirectly by facilitating members' access to riskysituations such as drug markets or directly through gang functions such asturf defense. We explore alternative modes of facilitation in a comparisonof gang-affiliated homicides (which involve gang members but do not resultfrom gang activity), gang-motivated homicides (which result from gangactivity), and nongang youth homicides in St. Louis. We find importantdifferences as well as similarities in the time trends and eventcharacteristic of the two types of gang homicide; in key respects thegang-affiliated homicides more closely resemble the nongang events. Thegang-motivated events exhibit a somewhat distinctive spatial patterning,as might be expected from their connection to turf conflicts. However, allthree homicide types are highly concentrated in racially isolated,disadvantaged neighborhoods, which remain the fundamental socialfacilitators of both gang and nongang violence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007548309620
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