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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 2 (1980), S. 491-496 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary For esterification of its carboxyl end groups in heterogeneous phase, polyethylene terephthalate was treated with boron trifluoride/methanol and with diazomethane in chlorobenzene, respectively. Whereas treatment with boron trifluoride/ methanol in some cases was accompanied by polymer degradation, reacting the polyester with diazomethane resulted in complete methyl esterification without any detectable side reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: sequence/sequential analysis ; chemical degradation ; ultimate repeating unit ; poly(ethylene terephthalate)/PET ; poly(butylene terephthalate)/PBT ; copolyester ; oligoester ; HPLC ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A specifically tailored reagent was used to label the hydroxyl end groups of poly(ethylene/butylene terephthalate), which is synthesized by transesterification of the corresponding homopolymers. The terminal monomeric unit was then eliminated, together with the attached label, as a low molecular-weight cyclic compound. Specially synthesized reference compounds containing ethylene terephthalate and butylene terephthalate units enabled the terminal monomeric unit to be identified as butylene terephthalate, although the copolymer showed an otherwise random distribution. Despite the practical and theoretical reasons that restrict this sequential degradation to the last monomeric unit for polymers, the principle can be used in a wider range of applications if combined with selective degradation and separation by means of HPLC, which results in chemically uniform oligomers. The ultimate and penultimate monomeric units of ethylene/butylene terephthalate type oligomers can be identified using the cyclodegradation procedure described here. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 55 (1995), S. 679-685 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: One of the main obstacles to the wider application of chitin in polymeric materials is its poor tractability due to unfavorable solubility properties. The solubility can be enhanced by introducing bulky acyl residues into the polymer (as in butyrylchitin and valeroylchitin). However, if modification is carried out with shorter-chain carboxylic acids (as in acetylchitin), the solubility remains poor. By substituting the acetyl residues partially by butyryl residues (mixed ester formation), exclusive use of the bulky carboxylic acids can be avoided and yet good solubility is achieved. These relationships were shown by using high molecular weight mixed chitin esters, prepared with methanesulfonic acid as the solvent and catalyst. The mixed chitin esters, varying both in the overall degree of substitution (1.5-1.9) and the molar ratios of butyryl-to-acetyl residues (1: 0.62 to 1:0.72), were characterized by IR spectroscopy, DSC, elemental analysis, and 1H-NMR spectroscopy (in trifluoromethanesulfonic acid); the latter allowed the degree of substitution to be determined as well as the moral ratios of butyryl-to-acetyl residues © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 50 (1993), S. 929-939 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is treated in a silicon tetrahalide atmosphere and then hydrolysed by means of a water jet, it is possible to achieve surface activation of the PTFE with silicic acid. This results in the surface of the PTFE becoming completely wettable, particularly if SiCl4 is used. This paper provides an account of the physical and chemical investigation into the surface of the activated system. Measurement of the contact angles (with water) and determination of the silanol groups provide evidence of the surface activity. ESCA experiments show that concentrations of silicic acid above 14% w/w result in almost complete coverage of the PTFE surface. Using the BET method to measure the specific surface area, it can be seen that this is not simply a result of adding the areas of the two components, PTFE and silicic acid. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: On complete hydrazinolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate), terephthalomonohydrazide is formed from carboxyl-end terephthaloyl residues in a quantity equivalent to the content of carboxyl endgroups in the polymer. The compound is separated from the reaction mixture by ion exchange and determined photometrically [epsiv;240 in 0.1 N HCl = 16,700 (1000 cm2/mole)]. A COOH determination carried out in this way is endgroup specific and, unlike titration, is not subject to interference by ionogenic fiber additives. Aromatic comonomers with acidic substituents (e.g., 5-sulfoisophthalic acid) in chemically modified, cationically dyeable poly(ethylene terephthalate) are determined simultaneously with the carboxyl endgroups by the same analytical method. In this case, the terephthalamonohydrazide and 5-sulfoisophthalodihydrazide are separated by ion exchange, and the difference in their spectral behavior is used for quantitative determination with the aid of a two-component analysis: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{l} c_1 {\rm = (6}{\rm .21 }D_{240} {\rm - 1}{\rm .04 }D_{212} ){\rm } \times {\rm 10}^{{\rm - 5}} {\rm mole/l}{\rm .} \\ c_2 {\rm = (2}{\rm .62 }D_{212} {\rm - 0}{\rm .51 }D_{240} ){\rm } \times {\rm 10}^{{\rm - 5}} {\rm mole/l} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} where c1c2 = concentration of terephthalomonohydrazide and 5-sulfoisophthalodihydrazide, respectively; and D240 D212 = optical density at 240 and 212 nm, respectively. The content of carboxyl endgroups in polyether esters poly(p-(2-ethyleneoxy)-benzoate), is determined on the basis of the p-(β-hydroxyethoxy)benzoic acid [epsiv;258 in 0.1 N HCl = 16,100 (1000 cm2/mole)] liberated from carboxyl-end monomer units by hydrazinolysis. For copolyether esters with p-(β-hydroxyethoxy)benzoic acid as a comonomer, the contents of carboxyl-end terephthalic acid and p-(β-hydroxyethoxy)benzoic acid are determined simultaneously with the acid of a spectrophotometric twocomponent analysis: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{l} c_1 {\rm = (7}{\rm .65 }D_{240} {\rm - 3}{\rm .27 }D_{258} ){\rm } \times {\rm 10}^{{\rm - 5}} {\rm mole/l}{\rm .} \\ c_2 {\rm = (7}{\rm .91 }D_{258} {\rm - 3}{\rm .49 }D_{240} ){\rm } \times {\rm 10}^{{\rm - 5}} {\rm mole/l.} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} where c2, c2 = concentration of terephthalomonohydrazide and p-(β-hydroxyethoxy)-benzoic acid, respectively; and D240, D258 = optical density at 240 and 258 nm, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zur chemischen Bestimmung der Aminoendgruppen in Polyamiden wird das Polymere in 2,2,2-Trifluoräthanol (TFÄ) mit 1-Fluor-2,4-dinitrobenzol (FDNB) umgesetzt. Das Nω-[2,4-Dinitrophenyl(1)]- (DNP-) Polyamid wird in Wasser von pH 3 ausgefällt, von anhaftendem Reagenz befreit, in TFÄ gelöst und bei λmax = 350 nm photometriert ( ε350: 17 300 [ 1000 cm2/mol]). Diese endgruppenspezifische Analysenmethode erlaubt eine Differenzierung in primäre und sekundäre Aminogruppen und deren Bestimmung nebeneinander, denn DNP-Derivate sekundärer Aminogruppen zeigen ein nach 390 nm verschobenes Absorptionsmaximum (ε390: 18 000 [1 000 cm2/mol]). Dieses Spektralverhalten wird mit Hilfe einer Zweikomponentenanalyse, die anhand von Messungen an dinitrophenylierten primären Aminen, sekundären Aminen und Polyamid-6- und -6,6-Oligomeren entwickelt wurde, quantitativ ausgewertet: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \begin{array}{l} {\rm c}_1 = (7,49 \times {\rm E}_{350} - 3,62 \times {\rm E}_{390} ) \times 10^{ - 5} ; \\ {\rm c}_2 = (7,21 \times {\rm E}_{390} - 3,41 \times {\rm E}_{350} ) \times 10^{ - 5} ; \\ \end{array} $\end{document} (c1: Konzentration an primären Aminogruppen in mol/l; c2: Konzentration an sekundären Aminogruppen in moll; E350, E390: Extinktion bei 350 nm bzw. 390 nm).Die Variationskoeffizienten für die Bestimmungen betragen bei vier unmodifizierten und modifizierten Polyamid-6-Handelsfasern 2,7 bis 6,0%. Die nachweisbare Grenzkonzentration liegt bei 6 × 10 mol DNP-Aminogruppen/l TFÄ.Für die Umsetzung von FDNB mit Polyamid-6 und ε-Aminocapronsäure als Modell-substanz für das Polymere ergibt die kinetische Analyse mit der Eyring'schen „Theorie des aktivierten Komplexes“, daß das „Prinzip der gleichen Reaktivität“ für Polymeres und Monomeres erfüllt ist. Die Aktivierungsparameter für die Reaktion betragen: ΔH≠: 15.9 k 0,9 kcal/mol; ΔG≠: 22.9 ± 0.3 kcal/mol und ΔS≠: -22,1 ± 1,9 cal/Grad × mol.
    Notes: In order to determine chemically the amino end groups present in a polyamide, the polymer was treated with a solution of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE). The resulting Nω-[2,4-dinitrophenyl-(1)]-(DNP-) polyamide was precipitated in water at pH 3, washed free of excess reagent, redissolved in TFE, and the optical density of the solution measured at λmax = 350 nm (ε350: 17300 [1000 cm2/mole]). Both the primary and secondary amino groups could be simultaneously determined by this method, since the absorption maximum of dinitrophenylated secondary amino groups is shifted to 390 nm (ε390: 18000 [1000 cm2/mole]). Using this spectroscopic phenomenon a two-component analytical procedure was developed. With known concentrations of dinitrophenylated primary amines, secondary amines, and nylon-6 and nylon-6,6 oligomers, the following analytical equations were derived: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \begin{array}{l} {\rm c}_1 = (7.49 \times {\rm D}_{350} - 3.62 \times {\rm D}_{390} ) \times 10^{ - 5} ; \\ {\rm c}_2 = (7.21 \times {\rm D}_{390} - 3.41 \times {\rm D}_{350} ) \times 10^{ - 5} ; \\ \end{array} $\end{document}〈\UEQN〉 \begin{array}{l} {\rm c}_1 = (7.49 \times {\rm D}_{350} - 3.62 \times {\rm D}_{390} ) \times 10^{ - 5} ; \\ {\rm c}_2 = (7.21 \times {\rm D}_{390} - 3.41 \times {\rm D}_{350} ) \times 10^{ - 5} ; \\ \end{array} $\end{document} (c1: concentration of primary amino groups in mole/l; c2: concentration of secondary amino groups in mole/l; D350, D390: optical density at 350 nm and 390 nm resp.).The coefficients of variation for four different commercially available nylon-6 fibres (unmodified and modified for dyeability) were in the range of 2.7 to 6.0%. The limiting concentration detectable was 6 × 10-7 mole DNP-amino groups/l TFE.A kinetic analysis was performed for the reaction of FDNB with nylon-6 and with a model compound, ε-aminocaproic acid. Using the “absolute rate theory of Eyring”, it was found that the polymer and monomer both fulfilled the “principle of equal reactivity”. The activation parameters for the reaction were: ΔH≠ : 15.9 ± 0.9 kcal/mole, ΔG≠: 22.9 ±0.3 kcal/mole, and ΔS≠: -22.1 ± 1.9 e.u./mole.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In handelsüblichen Polyamidfasern lassen sich bis zu 9 mäq/kg Carbonylgruppen nachweisen, die in die Makromoleküle eingebaut sind. Die Bildung von Carbonylgruppen ist bei der industrieüblichen Polyamidherstellung und -verspinnung offensichtlich eine normale Erscheinung, da in Autoklavendeckel- und Spinnkopfrückständen noch weitaus mehr Carbonylgruppen (36 bzw. 43 mäq/kg) vorkommen. Durch Thermobehandlungen während der Faserverarbeitung und -veredlung kann der Carbonylgruppengehalt noch weiter ansteigen.
    Notes: In commercially available polyamide fibres carbonyl groups, linked to the polymer, are detectable in a concentration up to 9 mEq/kg. Their formation during polycondensation and spinning is obviously a normal event under conditions applied in industry since residual polymer in covers of autoclaves as well as in spinning heads shows even higher amounts of carbonyl groups (36 and 43 mEq/kg, respectively). Even more carbonyl groups can be introduced into the polymer by thermal treatment during fibre processing and finishing.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: During the reaction of polyamide 6 or polyamide 6,6 with the bifunctional crosslinking agent 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene in heterogeneous media, 5-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenylamino groups and 4,6-dinitro-1,3-phenylenediamino groups are formed within the polymer. Owing to their different VIS-spectroscopic behaviour, the concentration of both groups can be determined by means of a bicomponent analysis, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {c_1} & {= (15,36 \cdot A_{375} - 6,35 \cdot A_{425}) \cdot 10^{- 5} ({\rm mol} \cdot {\rm dm}^{- 3})} \\ {c_2} & {= (9,48 \cdot A_{425} - 4,78 \cdot A_{375}) \cdot 10^{- 5} ({\rm mol} \cdot {\rm dm}^{- 3})}\\ \end{array}$$\end{document} where c1 and c2 represent the concentration of 5-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenylamino and 4,6-dinitro-1,3-phenylenediamino groups, respectively, and A375 as well as A425 represent the absorbances at 375 nm and 425 nm, measured in a 1 cm cell (solvent: 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol). N-(5-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl)-ε-aminocaproic acid and N,N'-(4,6-dinitro-1,3-phenylene)-di-ε-aminocaproic acid are used as model compounds in order to calibrate the photometer. It is demonstrated that the degree of crosslinking, determined by means of the bicomponent analysis, is in accordance with the change of molecular weight, determined viscosimetrically.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: N-{2-[4-(N-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino)benzoylamino]ethoxycarbonyl}anthranilic acid (1) was synthesized as a reagent for the stepwise elimination of monomeric units from the chain ends of oligoesters and polyesters, especially of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) type. The reagent is supposed to be applied for a stepwise chemical degradation and thus for a sequential analysis of these polyesters.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Kinetik der Verseifungsreaktion von Terephthalsäure-bis(2-hydroxyäthyl)ester (3) und Natrium-3,5-bis(2-hydroxyäthoxycarbonyl)benzolsulfonat (6) wird mit Hilfe der pH-stat-Technik im alkalischen pH-Bereich gemessen (pH 8 bis 10 bei 50 bis 80°C), um die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der hydrolytischen Konsekutivreaktion für die Diester und die intermediär entstehenden Monoester zu bestimmen. Die experimentell ermittelten Gesamtreaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstanten werden zerlegt in die einzelnen Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für die durch das Lösungsmittel, die OH--Ionen, die SO-3 ;-Gruppen, bzw. die COO--Gruppen katalysierten Teilreaktionen der Hydrolyse (k0, kOH-, kSO-3, kCOO-). Es wurde weder eine „Autokatalyse“ durch das Lösungsmittel noch eine intermolekulare Katalyse durch die Sulfonato- oder Carboxylatogruppen festgestellt. Die Aktivierungsparameter der Hydrolyse sind für die entsprechenden Ester beider Sauren gleich; für die Diester 3 und 6: ΔH†= 73,7 (72,0) kJ mol-1 17,6 (17,2) kcal mol-1, ΔG†=103,8 (104,7)kJ mol-1 [24,8 (25,0) kcal mol-1], ΔS†= -89,6 (-97,6) J mol-1 K-1 [-21,4 (- 23,3) cal mol-1 K-1]; für die Monoester (Terephthalsäure-mono(2-hydroxyathy1)-ester, bzw. 5-Natriumsulfonatoisophthalsäure-mono(2-hydroxyäthyl)ester): ΔH† = 80,4 (78,7) kJ mol-1 [19,2 (18,8) kcal mol-1], ΔG†= 109,3 (109,7) kJ mol-1 [26,1 (26,2) kcal mol-1], ΔS† = -86,3 (-93,0)J mol-1 K-1 [-20,6(-22,2) cal mol-1 K-1]. Für die geringere hydrolytische Stabilität von Polyesterfasern, die mit sulfonatogruppenhaltigen Comonomeren modifiziert sind, diirften aufgrund der Befunde überwiegend Fehlstellen in der Feinstruktur und nicht katalytische Effekte der Säuregruppen verantwortlich sein.
    Notes: The saponification reaction of bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (3) and sodium 3,5-bis(2-hydroxyethoxycarbonyl)benzenesulfonate (6) was followed under pH-stat conditions in the alkaline pH range (pH 8 to 10 at 50 to 80°C) to determine the consecutive reaction rate constants for the hydrolysis of the diesters and the intermediate monoesters. The observed overall reaction rate constants were split into the individual rate constants for the hydrolysis catalyzed by the solvent, the OH- ions, the SO-3 groups and the COO- groups (k0, kOH-, kSO-3, kCOO-, respectively). No intermolecular catalysis by either the sulfonato or the carboxylato groups and no “autocatalysis” by the solvent was found. The activation parameters for the hydrolysis of the corresponding esters of both acids are equal; for the diesters 3 and 6: ΔH† = 73,7 (72,0) kJ mol-1 [17,6 (17,2) kcal mol-1], ΔG† = 103,8 (104,7) kJ mol-1 [24,8 (25,0) kcal mol-1], ΔS† = -89,6 (-97,6) J mol-1 K-1 [-21,4 (-23,3) cal mol-1 K-1]; for the monoesters [terephthalic acid mono(2-hydroxyethyl) ester and 5-sodiumsulfonatoisophthalic acid mono(2-hydroxyethyl) ester]: ΔH† = 80,4 (78,7) kJ mol-1 [19,2 (18,8) kcal mol-1], ΔG† = 109,3 (109,7) kJ mol-1 [26,1 (26,2) kcal mol-1], ΔS† = -86,3 (-93,0) J mol-1 K-1 [-20,6 (-22,2) cal mol-1 K-1]. It is concluded that disorders in the fine structure of polyester fibers modified with sulfonato group containing comonomers may primarily be responsable for their lower hydrolytic stability and not any catalytic effects of these groups.
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