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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PLASTICITY OF THE SPINAL NEURAL CIRCUITRY AFTER INJURY* (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 27 (2004), S. 145-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Motor function is severely disrupted following spinal cord injury (SCI). The spinal circuitry, however, exhibits a great degree of automaticity and plasticity after an injury. Automaticity implies that the spinal circuits have some capacity to perform complex motor tasks following the disruption of supraspinal input, and evidence for plasticity suggests that biochemical changes at the cellular level in the spinal cord can be induced in an activity-dependent manner that correlates with sensorimotor recovery. These characteristics should be strongly considered as advantageous in developing therapeutic strategies to assist in the recovery of locomotor function following SCI. Rehabilitative efforts combining locomotor training pharmacological means and/or spinal cord electrical stimulation paradigms will most likely result in more effective methods of recovery than using only one intervention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144308
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluating patterns of EMG amplitudes for trunk and neck muscles of patients and controls (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of rehabilitation and health 2 (1996), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1537
    Keywords: surface electromyography ; muscle dysfunction ; muscle ratios ; muscle patterns ; back pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We used ratios of EMG amplitudes to characterize neural strategies of motoneuron recruitment for seven bilateral muscle groups of the back and neck during nine motor tasks to discriminate patients who sustained sprain/strain injuries (n=61) from a control population (n=400). Compensatory relationships between muscle pairs improved the predictability of hypoactivity or hyperactivity based on the probability distribution of muscle ratios obtained from uninjured subjects. We defined severity of hypoactive or hyperactive EMG activity by (a) the number of ratios that exceeded the normal range (95% confidence interval), (b) the compensatory relationship between these muscle pairs during each motor task, and (c) the consistency and frequency of hypoactivity or hyperactivity across nine motor tasks. Accuracy of the classification system was 88% with a specificity of 90% and a sensitivity of 70%. Between-session reliability for the overall classification of 40 controls and 44 patients was 93%. These results indicate that muscle ratios can objectively quantify altered strategies of motoneuron recruitment attributed to muscle trauma and pain common to spain/strain injuries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02213560
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional and age variations in growing tendon (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 221 (1994), S. 309-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gastrocnemius tendons of 10 White Leghorn chickens at 6, 8, and 12 weeks of age were divided into proximal, middle, and distal portions to assess regional variability in composition and growth. Body weight increases ∼ 150% during the period examined, whereas the lateral gastrocnemius muscle and tendon increase ∼ 193% and 227%, respectively. No significant changes in cellularity (DNA concentration) or hydroxypyridinium (OHP) crosslinks occur with increasing age. Hydroxyproline (HYP) concentration increases by 12 weeks of age, as hexuronate, glucosamine, and galactosamine decrease. Composition shows some regional variation: the distal region of the tendon has a lower HYP concentration, and increased GAGs and OHP crosslinks compared to either the proximal or middle regions, which do not differ from each other. The mean collagen fibril diameter increases with age, but the oldest tendons also contain more small diameter fibrils (〈40 nm). There is a unimodal fibril distribution at all three ages, although this has broadened by 12 weeks. The data from this study suggest that rapid tendon growth occurs throughout the time period examined and that changes characteristic of mature tendon, such as increased OHP crosslink concentration, have not yet developed in hatchlings because of the large amount of new tissue being produced. Whereas all three regions of the tendon are similar in size, composition of the distal region differs from that of the proximal and middle regions, suggesting that this portion of the tendon should be avoided when sampling a tendon. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052210306
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Architecture of the hind limb muscles of cats: Functional significance (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 185-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Force, velocity, and displacement properties of a muscle are determined in large part by its architectural design. The relative effect of muscle architecture on these physiological variables was studied by determining muscle weight, fiber length, average sarcomere length, and approximate angle of pinnation for 24 cat hind limb muscles. Muscle lengths ranged from 28.3 to 144 mm, whereas fiber lengths ranged from 8.4 to 105.5 mm. Generally, fiber to muscle length ratios were similar throughout a muscle. Estimated angles of pinnation of muscle fibers varied from 0 to 21° with most having an angle of less than 10°. The cross-sectional area of the knee extensors was similar to the knee flexors (16.43 vs. 16.83 cm2) whereas the cross-sectional area of the ankle extensors was more than six times greater than the ankle flexors (18.59 vs. 2.83 cm2). There was a 6.7-fold difference in the maximal force between muscles, when normalized to a constant weight, that could be attributed to architectural features. Rations of wet weight to predicted maximal tetanic tension for each muscle and group were calculated to compare the relative priority of muscle force versus muscle length-velocity for a given mass of muscle. These ratios varied from 0.4 to 4.84. The ratios suggest that velocity and/or displacement is a priority for the hamstrings, whereas force is a priority for the quadriceps and lower leg muscles. As much as a 12.6-fold difference in maximal velocity between muscles can be attributed to differences in fiber lengths. This can be compared to approximately a 2.5-fold difference in maximal velocity reported to occur as a result of biochemical (intrinsic) differences.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051730206
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fiber-type composition of selected hindlimb muscles of a primate (cynomolgus monkey) (1987)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 218 (1987), S. 136-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of fiber types in selected leg and thigh muscles of three male Cynomolgus monkeys were determined. Almost all fibers could be classified as fast-glycolytic (FG), fast-oxidative glycolytic (FOG), or slow-oxidative (SO) according to the qualitative histochemical staining scheme described by Peter et al. (1972). Most muscles showed regional variations in fiber-type distributions, i.e., the percent SO was higher and the percent FG was lower in the deep, compared to the superficial, regions of the muscle. Exceptions were the soleus and plantaris muscles, which contained similar distributions of fiber types throughout their cross sections. In the extensor compartment of the leg, a layering of fiber types from deep to superficial were evident in the triceps surae and plantaris complex with the deepest muscle, the soleus, having primarily SO fibers. A similar layering arrangement was observed in the extensor compartment of the thigh, with the deepest muscle, the vastus intermedius, having a much larger proportion of SO fibers than the other muscles in the quadriceps complex. These results indicate that Cynomolgus monkey hindlimb muscles, unlike human leg muscles (Saltin and Gollnick: Handbook of Physiology, L.D. Peachey, ed. American Physiological Society, MD, pp. 55-631, 1983) have a regional distribution of fiber types similar to that observed in many subprimate mammals. Further, the presence of compartmentalization of fiber types within the cross section of several of the muscles studied is suggestive of structure-function interrelationships related to motor control.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092180207
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Architectural design and fiber-type distribution of the major elbow flexors and extensors of the monkey (cynomolgus) (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 171 (1984), S. 285-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Because the architectural and biochemical properties of a skeletal muscle dictate its force, velocity, and displacement properties, the major extensors (triceps brachii) and flexors (biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis) of the elbow in a primate (cynomolgus, monkey) were studied. Functional cross-sectional areas (CSA) were calculated from muscle mass, mean fiber length (normalized to a 2.20 μm sarcomere length), and angle of fiber pinnation measurements from each muscle. Fiber-type distributions were determined and used as a gross index of the biochemical capacities of the muscle. The extensor group had a shorter mean fiber length (31 vs. 47 mm), a larger CSA (13 vs. 8 cm2), and a higher overall percentage of slow-twitch fibers (47 vs. 26%). Consequently, the elbow extensors had a relatively greater potential for force production and force maintenance than the flexors. In contrast, the flexors were designed to optimize their length-velocity potentials; i.e., they had relatively long fibers and a higher fast-twitch fiber composition than the extensors. These morphologic differences between antagonistic muscle groups should be considered when evaluating the motor control mechanisms regulating reciprocal movements about the elbow.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001710305
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