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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of acute and chronic treatment with an atypical antidepressant drug, nomifensine, on the sleep-wake activity in rats (1987)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 335 (1987), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Sleep ; Nomifensine ; Dopamine ; Antidepressant drugs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. After the chronic administration of saline, rats were treated with nomifensine (0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg, twice a day, at light and dark onset) for 11 days. The sleep-wake activity was recorded for 24 h on the baseline day (saline), on nomifensine days 1, 5 and 11, and also on day 12, when saline was injected again (withdrawal day). Another group of rats was treated with saline throughout the experiment, without significant effect on the sleep-wake activity. 2. The smaller dose of nomifensine increased non-REM sleep (NREMS) at the expense of wakefulness (W) in the light period. The effect persisted throughout the chronic treatment. A late increase in REM sleep (REMS) was noted on nomifensine days 5 and 11. Nomifensine failed to affect the sleepwake activity in the dark period. On withdrawal, the baseline percentages of the vigilance states were recovered. 3. As evaluated through spectral analysis of the EEG, the increase in NREMS was accompanied by an increase in slow wave activity. 4. The higher dose of nomifensine elicited an increase in W and a reduction in both sleep states, followed by changes in W and NREMS in the opposite directions. These effects were evident in both the light and the dark periods of the day. Chronic treatment resulted in circadian variations in the effects. Withdrawal of the drug abolished the arousal reaction, but the late increase in NREMS persisted. 5. The dose-dependent biphasic effects of nomifensine on sleep-wake activity can be explained by considering the proposed indirect dopamine and possibly noradrenaline agonist activity of the drug. The increased sleep in response to the lower dose of nomifensine, an effect resembling that observed after administration of amitriptyline, may indicate an indirect autoreceptor agonist effect in the catecholaminergic systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177716
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the brain and core temperatures in relation to the various arousal states in rats in the light and dark periods of the day (1985)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 404 (1985), S. 73-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Sleep ; Body temperature ; Thermoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In rats, brain temperature (T br) and core temperature (T c) were recorded in parallel with the sleep-wake activity throughout the 24-h diurnal cycle, consisting of a 12-h light (L) and a 12-h dark (D) period. In order to characterize the temperature changes associated with the arousal states in the L and the D separately, (i) the average temperatures in wakefulness (W), non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) and REM sleep (REMS), and at the transitions between the arousal states were calculated; (ii) the courses of temperatures before and after the transitions (falling asleep, awakening from NREMS or REMS, transition from NREMS to REMS) were determined; (iii) the rates of changes inT br andT c were calculated for each state; and (iv) the correlations between the temperatures and the overall length of each arousal state, and betweenT br andT c were studied. In both the L and D periods,T br andT c decreased at the beginning of NREMS, then levelled off, and increased slightly before awakening. Apart from short arousals which did not affect temperature,T br andT c increased in W, peaked 15–20 min after awakening, and declined significantly before the falling asleep. In REMS,T br increased at a high rate, while a slight increase inT c was evident in the L only. Correlations between the temperatures and the arousal states were found in both the L and the D. The courses ofT br andT c were also correlated. The results support the existence of characteristic changes in body temperature related to the arousal states in the rat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00581494
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Promotion of sleep by heat in young rats (1995)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 430 (1995), S. 729-738 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Sleep ; Thermoregulation ; Slow wave activity ; Sleep drive ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the experiments was to study the effects of a moderate heat load on sleep in young (26-day-old) rats and to determine whether the sleep-promoting effect of heat results from stimulation of the homeostatic sleep process. The changes in sleep-wake activity, electroencephalogram slow wave activity (SWA) during non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) and cortical temperature (T crt) were determined during and after long (24-h) and short (2.5-h) heat loads (elevation of ambient temperature from 26° C to 32° C), and after total sleep deprivation (SD) combined with a short-term heat load. The heat exposures elicited increases in T crt and rectal temperature (2 and 1.7° C respectively). The long-term heat load induced persistent, albeit slight enhancements in NREMS. Rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) increased with a 12-h delay during the 24-h heat load. Heat elicited an immediate large increase in SWA. After this initial increase, SWA declined and tended to fall below the baseline level during the last 12 h of the 24-h heat load. SWA and REMS were significantly suppressed after termination of 24-h heat loading. The increased SWA during the short-term heat load was not followed by subsequent alterations in sleep when the ambient temperature had returned to normal. However, after the combination of SD with the shortterm heat load the durations of NREMS and SWA were significantly enhanced compared with those found after SD at 26° C. The results are interpreted as suggesting that heat increases NREMS in the young rat by the same mechanism as is involved in the enhancement of NREMS after SD: a stimulation of sleep drive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00386168
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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