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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A High-Affinity, Na+-Dependent Uptake System for γ-Hydroxybutyrate in Membrane Vesicles Prepared from Rat Brain (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 38 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: γ-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a compound with numerous neuropharmacological properties. The discovery of its biosynthetic system, together with its endogenous repartition, have prompted its possible implication in neurotransmission. This role is also supported by the existence, reported here, of a high-affinity uptake system for GHB (Km= 46.4 μM)in both purified brain plasma membrane vesicles and in the crude mitochondrial fraction. GHB uptake is dependent on a Na+ gradient but is independent of the membrane electrical potential. Cl− and K+ can also modulate the uptake. As an approach to determine the conformation required for GHB uptake, a series of related compounds, including aryl-or alkyl-derivatives, has been examined for ability to inhibit GHB uptake. The regional distribution of uptake is also indicative of its possible physiological role, since in striatum, an area where GHB has a known pharmacological effect on dopaminergic neurons, this uptake activity is the highest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1982.tb06634.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional and Subcellular Localization in Rat Brain of the Enzymes That Can Synthesize γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 36 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Rat brain contains two major NADPH-linked aldehyde reductases that can reduce succinate semialdehyde to 4-hydroxybutyrate. One of these enzymes appears to be fairly specific for succinate semialdehyde and is not significantly inhibited by classic aldehyde reductase inhibitors such as barbiturates. The other enzyme can reduce several aromatic aldehydes and is strongly inhibited by barbiturates and branched-chain fatty acids. Using one such inhibitor, it was possible to distinguish between and measure the two enzyme activities separately in various rat brain regions and in subcellular fractions. Both enzymes are mainly cytoplasmic but there is some activity in the synaptosomal fraction. The activity of the specific succinic semialdehyde reductase is highest in the cerebellum, where it represents 21% of the total activity, and lowest in the cortex, where it represents about 11% of the total activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb00583.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subcellular distribution of γ-Hydroxybutyrate binding sites in rat brain principal localization in the synaptosomal fraction
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 110 (1983), S. 262-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-291X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(83)91289-5
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental changes in cultured neurones from chick embryo cerebral hemispheres (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 63-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cell culture ; Chick embryo cerebral hemispheres ; Synaptogenesis ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Neuronal development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acquisition of ultrastructural and neurochemical properties was studied during the development of neurones from 8-day-old chick embryo cerebral hemispheres, cultivated on polylysine-coated surfaces. The first contacts suggestive of synaptic profiles were observed after 3 days of culture. From the 6th day, junctions with significant thickening of the postsynaptic element and many presynaptic vesicles could be seen. Synaptic endings contained predominantly dense-cored vesicles. These cultured neurones acquired dopaminergic properties during their development: (1) 95% of the cells exhibited glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence; (2) tyrosine hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase activities were present and increased with time in culture, but dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity was undetectable. Choline acetyltransferase activity remained at a very low level at all stages of culture. It is suggested that when cultured in the total absence of glial cells, the neurones of embryonic chick cerebral hemispheres give no evidence of cholinergic mechanisms, but display a number of dopaminergic characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235730
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ontogeny and distribution of specific succinic semialdehyde reductase apoenzyme in the rat brain (1982)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 7 (1982), S. 555-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ontogeny and distribution in rat brain of specific succinic semialdehyde reductase is described. This enzyme is probably responsible for the synthesis of γ-hydroxybutyrate in brain. The highest activities and levels of apoenzyme are found in cerebellum, olfactory bulb, septum and median hypothalamus. During neonatal development, the enzyme activity remains stable at least until 63 days of age. As the levels of other enzymes of the GABA shunt pathway increase during this same period, this result indicates that there is a relative decrease in the reductive pathway of succinic semialdehyde catabolism during development leading to γ-hydroxybutyrate synthesis, compared to the oxidative pathway leading to succinate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00965122
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Positive cooperativity in high affinity binding sites for γ-hydroxybutyric acid in rat brain (1983)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 8 (1983), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract High affinity binding sites for γ-hydroxybutyrate have recently been shown to exist on crude membranes of rat brain. These sites exhibit a dissociation constant of 95 nM and a capacity of 557 fentomoles per mg protein. However, after more extensive washing of the crude membrane fraction and performing binding experiments at a lower concentration of radioactive GHB (below 20 nM), the existence of another binding site for GHB with a higher affinity than previously described was discovered. The data concerning this binding site are in favour of positive cooperative binding characteristics. This binding site may play a role in the mediation of the multiple physiological and pharmacological effects of GHB in the rat CNS and its presence provides additional evidence in favour of a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter role of GHB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00965658
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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