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  • 1
    ISSN: 0022-4731
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 69 (1997), S. 247-251 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Key words trans ; trans-Muconic acid ; Sorbic acid ; Benzene ; Biomonitoring ; Smoking ; Environmental tobacco smoke
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Excretion of trans,trans-muconic acid (2,4-hexadienedioic acid; t,t-MA), a potential biomarker of low-level exposure to benzene, was determined in 32 smokers and 82 nonsmokers. In smokers the median background excretion of t,t-MA was 0.13 (0.06–0.39) mg/g creatinine and was significantly higher (P〈0.05) than the value of 0.065 (0.02–0.59) mg/g creatinine in nonsmokers. For nonsmokers, the correlation between t,t-MA excretion and environmental exposure to benzene in ambient air, which was determined during the 8-day study period by personal diffusion samplers, was not significant (r=0.164, P=0.18). Nonsmokers living in the city tended to have higher t,t-MA excretion rates than nonsmokers living in the suburbs. However, the difference was only significant for nonsmokers from nonsmoking homes. For the same location (suburb or city), smoking at home leads to a marginal increase in t,t-MA excretion of the nonsmoking members of the household. In a further study with eight nonsmokers we found that dietary supplementation with 500 mg sorbic acid significantly increased (P〈0.001) the mean urinary t,t-MA excretion from 0.08 (0.04–0.12) to 0.88 (0.57–1.48) mg/24 h. Under study conditions 0.12% of the sorbic acid dose was excreted in urine as t,t-MA, thereby indicating that a typical dietary intake of 6–30 mg/day sorbic acid accounts for 10–50% of the background t,t-MA excretion in nonsmokers, and for 5–25% in smokers. As a consequence, sorbic acid in the diet is a significant confounding factor in assessing low-level benzene exposure if t,t-MA excretion in urine is used as a biomarker.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 339 (1991), S. 468-469 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A heterogeneous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the screening of triazine herbicides, e.g. atrazine in ground and surface water is reported, which is able to detect the pesticide at concentrations down to 10 ng/l without a preconcentration step.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-6822
    Keywords: cytokines ; environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) ; immune system ; prostaglandin E2 ; smoking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Controversial results have been published on the immune response to cigarette smoking while the effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) have not yet been reported. In a controlled study, acute effects of smoking and of a high environmental exposure to ETS on immunological parameters have been investigated. The study consisted of four experimental days, two control and two exposure days. On control days, 1 and 3, smokers (n=5) and nonsmokers (n=5) sat in an unventilated 45 m3 room for 8 h. On the exposure days, 2 and 4, each of the smokers smoked 24 cigarettes in 8 h, while the nonsmokers were exposed to the ETS generated by the smoking volunteers. Blood was drawn before and after each exposure session on all four experimental days for dosimetry of tobacco smoke exposure and determination of the immune response. Flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies was used to determine CD3+ cells (whole T cells), CD19+ cells (B lymphocytes), CD16+ and CD56+ cells (natural killer cells), CD4+ cells (T-helper cells), CD8+ cells (T-suppressor cells), the CD4+/CD8+ (helper/supressor ratio), and Fc receptors on granulocytes. Serum was analyzed for soluble CD14 receptors (scD14), interleukin 1, interleukin 6 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Functional stimulation assays were performed to determine the basal and induced level of reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) production by polymorphic neutrophils. Exposure to tobacco smoke in both groups was confirmed by dosimetry of carboxyhemoglobin, plasma nicotine, and cotinine levels. In comparison to nonsmokers, smokers had elevated granulocyte cell counts, increased CD16+ and CD56+ cell levels and decreased CD3+ and CD19+ levels. Acute smoking, but not exposure to ETS, resulted in a slight decrease in the number of CD19+ cells and an increase in the number of granulocytes; the latter was restricted to one subject. Acute smoking and exposure to high experimental concentrations of ETS resulted in a slight increase in CD16+ and CD56+ cells. None of the changes determined in immunological parameters after either acute smoking or exposure to ETS reached statistical significance. Serum sCD14, cytokine and PGE2, functional stimulation of in vitro ROI production, and changes in Fc receptors were not affected by acute smoking or exposure to ETS. Although no clear guidelines exist to assess immunotoxicity in man, our data do not favor immunosuppression and the possibility of increased risk of infection in nonsmokers exposed to ETS under real-life conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie 11 (2000), S. 184-191 
    ISSN: 1435-1544
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Barorezeptorreflex – Closed-Loop-Stimulation –¶Valsalva Manöver – physische und psychische Belastung ; Key words Baroreceptor reflex – Closed Loop Stimulation –¶Valsalva maneuver – physical and mental stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Background: The role of the cardiovascular system is to keep up an adequate perfusion pressure in order to maintain the homeostasis in the organism. In this context, the baroreceptor reflex, as the short-term mechanism, is of major importance. As a result of chronotropic incompetence, e.g. because of a dysfunction of the sinus node, the control mechanisms of the baroreceptor reflex do not function, changes of blood pressure are no longer adequately compensated and the heart rate is not adjusted to the current needs. The Inos2CLS pacemaker provides a system that includes the baroreceptor reflex in the regulation of the stimulation rate and the systemic blood pressure and thus reestablishes the functioning of the baroreceptor reflex.¶Aim of the study: Aim of the study was to prove that the baroreceptor reflex is included in the regulation of the stimulation rate by the pacemaker Inos2CLS. Furthermore, the functionality of the system under emotional and physical stress was tested.¶Methods: 30 patients (14 male, 16 female, mean age 70.9±7 years) were implanted with the pacemaker system Inos2CLS. In order to prove the inclusion of the baroreceptor reflex in the Closed Loop Stimulation, the patients had to perform the Valsalva maneuver at the 3-month follow-up investigation. Blood pressure as well as heart rate were continually recorded by a fina-press system. Afterwards, the patients had to perform a mental stress test (Color-Word Test). The physical stress was performed by a symptom-limited treadmill ergonometry. Blood pressure was recorded according to Riva/Rocci. The development of the rate as well as the differentiation between intrinsic and stimulated atrial events was recorded by the data analysis of the pacemaker.¶Results: All 28 patients, who were included in the investigation, showed a change in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate which is typical for the Valsalva maneuver. In phase 1 (rest) the MABP was 93±13mmHg, it increased in phase 2 to 113±21mmHg, and dropped in phase 3 to 84±16mmHg. A second peak in phase 4 was at 99±12mmHg. As expected, the MABP leveled off to 94±8mmHg. At the beginning of the test, the mean rate was at 73±10bpm and increased to a maximum in phase 3 of 88±12bpm. Splitting the patients into two groups, one patients 〈70years, the other patients ≥70years, demonstrated that blood pressure and heart rate of the older group varied less. These results reflect the reduced baroreceptor sensitivity in elderly people and can be considered as a physiological phenomenon.¶ During the first mental phase of the Color-Word Test, blood pressure and heart rate increased by 17mmHg and 6bpm, respectively. After a two-minute rest, the test was repeated. An analogous behavior of blood pressure and heart rate could be observed.¶ The results of the treadmill ergonometry showed for all patients an adequate development of blood pressure and heart rate, adapted to the actual situation. The exemplary development of blood pressure and heart rate of a female patient (53years, 172cm, 98kg, indication sicksinus syndrome) showed that only stimulated atrial events could be observed up to the aerobic-anaerobic threshold. When stress increased, the patient‘s sinus node controlled the heart rate.¶Conclusion: This study suggests that the Closed Loop Stimulation reestablishes the baroreceptor reflex in the case of chronotropic incompetence. By simply monitoring the contraction dynamics without any further sensor systems, it may be possible to offer an optimal rate adaptation in mental and physical stress situations in the case of bradyarrhythmia combined with chronotropic incompetence. Because of the reestablishment of the baroreceptor reflex, it can be expected that the patients‘ prognosis improves significantly and, leads to an increase of the patients‘“quality of life”.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Die grundlegende Aufgabe des kardiovaskulären Systems ist die Aufrechterhaltung eines adäquaten Perfusionsdrucks zum Erhalt der Homöostase im Organismus. Dafür kommt dem Barorezeptorreflex als dem wesentlichen kurzfristig wirkenden Mechanismus eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Als Folge der chronotropen Inkompetenz z.B. durch eine Sinusknotendysfunktion ist der Regelungsmechanismus des Barorezeptorreflex außer Kraft gesetzt; es werden Änderungen des Blutdrucks nicht mehr ausreichend kompensiert und die Herzfrequenz kann nicht an die augenblicklichen Erfordernisse angepaßt werden. Mit dem Herzschrittmacher liegt nun ein System vor, das den Barorezeptorreflex in die Regelung der Stimulationsfrequenz und des systemischen Blutdrucks mit einbezieht und damit die Funktion des Barorezeptorreflex wiederherstellt.¶Studienziel: Ziel der Untersuchungen war der Nachweis der Einbindung des Barorezeptorreflex in die Regelung der Stimulationsfrequenz über den Herzschrittmacher. Weiterhin wurde die Funktionalität des Systems während psychischer und physischer Belastung untersucht.¶Methoden: 30 Patienten (14m/16w, mittleres Alter 70,8±7 Jahre) wurde das Herzschrittmachersystem INOS2CLS (BIOTRONIK, Berlin) implantiert. Im Rahmen der Follow-up-Untersuchung 3 Monate post-implantation wurde zum Nachweis der Einbindung des Barorezeptorreflex in die Closed-Loop-Stimulation bei 28 Patienten das Valsalva-Manöver durchgeführt. Dabei wurde kontinuierlich der Blutdruck sowie die Herzfrequenz mittels eines Fina-Press-Systems aufgezeichnet. Anschließend wurde ein mentaler Stresstest (Color-Word-Test) durchgeführt. Die physische Belastung erfolgte durch eine symptomlimitierte Laufbandergometrie. Dabei wurde der Blutdruck nach Riva/Rocci aufgezeichnet. Der Frequenzverlauf sowie die Unterscheidung zwischen atrialen Eigenaktionen und atrial stimulierten Ereignissen erfolgte durch die Datenanalyse des Schrittmacherspeichers.¶Ergebnisse: Alle 28 Patienten zeigten den für das Valsalva-Manöver typischen Verlauf von mittlerem arteriellen Blutdruck (MABP) und der Herzfrequenz. Von einem MABP in Ruhe von 93±13mmHg in Phase 1 ausgehend, stieg der MABP in Phase 2 auf 113±21mmHg an, um in Phase 3 auf 84±16mmHg abzufallen. Ein zweiter Gipfel in Phase 4 lag bei 99±12mmHg. Im Verlauf pendelte sich der MABP wie erwartet wieder bei 94±8mmHg ein. Die mittlere Frequenz lag zu Beginn des Tests 73±10bpm und stieg auf ein Maximum in Phase 3 von 88±12bpm an. Am Ende des Beobachtungszeitraumes nach einer Minute lag die mittlere Herzfrequenz bei 75±7bpm. Eine Aufteilung der Patienten in zwei Gruppen in unter 70-jährige und 70-jährige und Ältere zeigte, dass der Blutdruck und die Herzfrequenz der älteren Gruppe geringere Variationen aufweist. Dieses Ergebnis spiegelt die herabgesetzte Barorezeptorsensitivität im Alter wider und ist als physiologisches Phänomen zu werten. Ausgehend des Ruhezustandes erfolgte in der ersten psychischen Belastungsphase des Color-Word-Tests eine Erhöhung des Blutdrucks und der Herzfrequenz um 17mmHg bzw. 6bpm. Nach einer 2-minütigen Erholungsphase wurde der Test wiederholt, wobei ein gleichsinniges Verhalten des Blutdrucks und der Herzfrequenz zu beobachten waren.¶ Die Ergebnisse der Laufbandergometrie zeigten für alle Patienten einen adäquaten, der jeweiligen Belastungssituation angepassten Verlauf von Blutdruck und Herzfrequenz. Der exemplarische Verlauf von Blutdruck und Herzfrequenz einer Patientin (53Jahre, 172cm, 98kg, Indikation: Sick-Sinus-Syndrom) zeigte, dass bis an die aerob-anaerobe Schwere im Wesentlichen nur stimulierte atriale Ereignisse zu beobachten waren. Bei weiter steigender Belastung übernahm der Sinusknoten der Patientin dann die Führung der Herzfrequenz.¶Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit sprechen dafür, dass die Closed-Loop-Stimulation den Barorezeptorreflex bei chronotroper Inkompetenz wiederherzustellen in der Lage ist. Es scheint allein aufgrund der Beobachtung der Kontraktionsdynamik ohne weitere Sensorsysteme möglich, eine optimale Frequenzanpassung in psychischen und physischen Belastungssituationen bei bradykarden Rhythmusstörungen zu bieten. Durch die Wiederherstellung des Barorezeptorreflex ist zu erwarten, dass sich die Prognose der Patienten wesentlich verbessert und eine Erhöhung der „Quality of Life“ der Patienten zu verzeichnen ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 337 (1990), S. 73-78 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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