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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 121 (1980), S. 180-185 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von 158 Exemplaren aus 6 Gattungen der Scolopacidae wurde die Länge des Femur (F), des Tibiotarsus (TB) und des Tarsometatarsus (TB) gemessen und die relative Länge des TR berechnet (TR/F+TB+TR). Angehörige derselben Gattung mit ähnlicher Körperlänge, Beinlänge und ähnlichem Gewicht zeigten, daß in einigen Fällen die relative TR-Länge mit ökologischen Faktoren korreliert war und sich damit funktionelle Zusammenhänge andeuten. So haben z.B.Calidris-Arten, die Biotope mit Vegetation vorziehen, relativ kürzeren TR als Gattungsverwandte gleicher Größe, die sich vorzugsweise am Strand oder im Seichtwasser aufhalten. In diesem Fall ist relativ langer TR Kennzeichen für Waten im Seichtwasser.Calidris-Arten der Steilküsten besitzen relativ kürzeren TR als grösßengleiche Gattungsverwandte der Flachküste bzw. Grasflächen. Ein relativ kurzer TR dürfte in diesem Fall ein mechanischer Vorteil für das Laufen auf abschüssigem Untergrund sein. In Fällen ohne ersichtlichen lokomotorischen Vorteil für längeren oder kürzeren TR, z. B. beiTringa-Arten, ist zu vermuten, daß die von Körperproportionen beeinflußte Haltung und/oder Gangart ethologische Bedeutung haben mag, besonders in der Balzzeit.
    Notes: Summary The lengths of the femur (F), tibiotarsus (TB) and tarsometatarsus (TR) were measured in 158 specimens from 6 genera in the family Scolopacidae, and the relative length of the TR (TR/F+TB+TR) was calculated for each specimen. When congenerics were grouped on the basis of similar body length, leg length and weight, it was found that for some groups the relative TR length was correlated with ecological factors that may be functionally related to this parameter. For example, species ofCalidris that prefer biotypes with vegetation had relatively shorter TR than congenerics in the same group that preferred shores and shallow water. A relatively longer TR in this case may be related to wading in water. Species ofCalidris that frequent steep shores had relatively shorter TR lengths than congenerics in the same size class that frequent shores or grassy areas. A relatively shorter TR length in this case may provide a mechanical advantage for walking on steep surfaces. In cases where there is no apparent locomotor advantage to either a short or long TR, such as in species ofTringa, it is suggested that the posture and/or gait influenced by relative body proportions may have behavioral significance, especially during courtship periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 33 (1992), S. 153-165 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Neuroanatomy ; Ecology ; Vision ; Olfaction ; Gustation ; Plasticity ; Adaptation ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The size of seven neural structures was compared in 51 species of Notropis, Pteronotropis, Cyprinella, Luxilus, Lythrurus, and Hybopsis, and related to the turbidity of the species& habitat. This last parameter was assessed for each species by personal communication with 42 ichthyologists. To control for size differences among species, all analyses were performed on the residuals from a regression of each character on standard length. Principal components analysis (PCA) of the residuals produced four significant PC-axes that together explained 65% of the total variation represented in the original variables. The size of brain structures concerned with vision, olfaction, and gustation was correlated with habitat turbidity. Two-way Analyses of Covariance (ANCOVAs) revealed significant differences between species in the size of all structures. Sexual dimorphism was found in the size of the olfactory bulb and the cerebellum, and significant two-way interactions (species vs. sex) were detected for the telencephalon, optic lobes, cerebellum, vagal lobe, and the eye. Cluster analysis indicated that neither similar turbidity preference nor shared phylogeny is alone sufficient to explain the observed differences in brain morphology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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