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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 169 (1952), S. 411-411 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The structure of the double carbide Fe3W3C has been shown by Westgren2 to be of cubic symmetry, having the space group Fazm* and lattice parameter 11-08 kX. The number of atoms per unit cell is 112, of which 96 are metal atoms and 16 carbon. The unit-cell dimensions of the YJ-carbides are quite ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 197 (1963), S. 373-374 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Hydrogen may react with carbon in the steel to form methane or other hydrocarbons; such reactions have been postulated within the steel to account for some embrittlement phenomena2, and at the surface during vacuum extraction analysis to account for decarburization of hydrogen-charged specimens as ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 184 (1959), S. 1312-1312 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A method of removing thin oxide films from metal surfaces2 has been adapted for stripping thicker scales 3 4. A thin plastic film is applied to the surface and the specimen is immersed in an oxygen-free solution of iodine in alcohol, which penetrates discontinuities in the plastic and oxide films ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1572-9540
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The observation of the production of antihydrogen atoms \overlineH 0\equiv\barpe+, the simplest atomic bound state of antimatter, is presented. A method has been used by the PS210 collaboration at LEAR which assumes that the production of \overlineH0 is predominantly mediated by the e+e--pair creation via the two-photon mechanism in the antiproton--nucleus interaction. Neutral \overlineH0 atoms are indentified by a unique sequence of characteristics. In principle \overlineH0 is well suited for investigations of fundamental CPT violation studies under different forces, however, in our investigations we concentrate on the production of this antimatter object, since so far it had not been observed. The production of eleven antihydrogen atoms is reported including possibly 2± 1 background signals, the observed yield agrees with theoretical predictions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 21 (1970), S. 945-954 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Wachstum von Zunderschichten während WärmebehandlungszyklenReines Eisen, niedrig gekohlter Stahl, mittelgekohlter Mn-Stahl und ein MnMo-Stahl wurden unter Verwendung verschiedener Gase auf ihr Verhalten bei Hochtemperaturkorrosion untersucht. Als Gase wurden verwendet: Sauerstoff, Wasserdampf, Kohlendioxid, Lug sowie fünf synthetische Atmosphären ähnlich den Gasgemischen, die bei der Verbrennung von schwefelfreiem Heizöl und Stadtgas entstehen. Um charakteristische Unterschiede herauszuarbeiten, wurden isotherme Versuche ebenso wie Versuche mit zyklischer Temperaturführung gefahren. Im ersten Falle lagen die Temperaturen zwischen 700 und 2200°C, im zweiten Falle schwankten die Temperaturen zwischen 500 und 1200°C. Die Übereinstimmung zwischen den beiden Versuchsführungen ist unterschiedlich, doch kann man das Verzunderungsverhalten in den meisten Fällen für beide Modifikationen voraussagen. Dabei kann auch als Bezugsparameter eine „Äquivalenzzeit“ bestimmt werden, welche den Vergleich der Temperaturzyklen verschiedener Öfen er-möglicht.
    Notes: Pure iron, low carbon steel, medium carbon Mn-steel and MnMo-steel were studied in view of their high temperature corrosion behaviour in various gases. The gases used were: Oxygen, steam, carbon dioxide, air and five synthetic atmospheres, similar to those obtained by the combustion of sulphur-free fuel oil and town gas. In order to obtain possible characteristic differences of behaviour isothermal experiments were made as well as experiments with temperature cyling. In the first case temperatures were 700 and 1200°C while in the second case temperatures were cycled between 500 and 1200°C. There are different degrees of agreement between the two experimental techniques, but in most cases it is possible to predict scaling behaviour for either type of experiment. It is possible to establish an “equivalent time” as a reference parameter for the comparison of temperature cycles from different furnaces.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 34-48 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Scaling rate of pure iron and mild steel in oxygen, water vapour and carbon dioxide at temperatures ranging from 850 to 1000° CThe tests were carried out in oxygen, air, CO2 and water vapour as well as in air with up to 15 per cent water vapour. The duration of the tests was up to 200 minutes. The oxidation of pure iron and steel in oxygen and air, as a function of time, was found to follow a parabolic law; with tests of long duration, however, the results tended to be lower then those corresponding to the ideal parabola. In water vapour, pure iron was found to oxidize at 850° C at a linear rate; at higher temperatures, the curve followed an alignment between straight line and parabola. Mild steel showed similar characteristics except that the deviation at higher temperatures was less marked. In CO2 the curve was linear with both samples. Generally speaking, the oxidation rate of pure iron was found to be twice as high as that of steel. The oxidation rate decreased in the sequence: oxygen, water vapour, carbon dioxide.With parabolic oxidation, the scale always consisted of three layers; with linear oxidation, it consisted of one layer only (Wüstit).In air with water vapour content, the curve was parabolic in all cases although no distinct influence of the water vapour addition 2.5 to 15 per cent.) was recognizable.
    Notes: Die Versuche wurden durchgeführt in Sauerstoff, Luft, CO2 und Wasserdampf sowie in Luft mit bis 15% Wasserdampf; die Versuchsdauer betrug bis 200 min. Für die Oxydation von Reineisen und Stahl in Sauerstoff und Luft ergab sich ein parabolisches Zeitgesetz, das jedoch bei längerer Versuchsdauer unter dem der idealen Parabel entsprechenden Wert sank. In Wasserdampf wurde Reineisen bei 850° C linear oxydiert, bei höheren Temperaturen lag das Zeitgesetz zwischen einer Geraden und einer Parabel. Der Weichstahl verhielt sich ähnlich, doch war hier die Abweichung bei höheren Temperaturen weniger ausgeprägt. In CO2 ergab sich für beide Probenarten ein lineares Zeitgesetz. Ganz allgemein wurde Reineisen doppelt so schnell oxydiert wie Stahl; die Oxydationsgeschwindigkeit nahm in der Reihenfolge Sauerstoff  -  Wasserdampf  -  Kohlendioxid ab.Bei parabolischer Oxydation bestand der Zunder immer aus drei Schichten, bei linearer Oxydation nur aus einer (Wüstit).In Luft mit Wasserdampf ergab sich immer ein parabolischer Verlauf, ohne daß ein deutlicher Einfluß des Wasserdampfzusatzes (2,5 bis 15 % zu erkennen gewesen wäre.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 19-34 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The indentation of scale and base metal in low-alloyed steelsSurface defects due to role-in scale may be caused by the indentation between metal and scale, and possibly also by the concentration of fayalite at the boundary face. Both factors are favoured by high temperatures, i.e. temperatures of 1200° C and more.In the case of low-alloyed steels, the furnace atmosphere should be set for strong oxidation; in the case of steels with no more than “residual” nickel content, however, the atmosphere should be set for weak oxidation.During the early stages of oxidation, the oxide remains in contact with the metal itself, by “creeping after it”.Owing to the inward creeping of the scale, nickel is concentrated in a thin layer. As soon as the creeping is replaced by the inward diffusion of oxygen, the metal particles remain fixed in space whilst the boundary face continues to migrate further into the metal. The thickness of the expanded indentation zone is a measure for the quantity of scale produced by the inward diffusion of oxygen.The metal filaments lose iron to the surrounding oxide. The nickel concentration, on the other band, is associated with a reduction in volume.Molten fayalite-eutecticum faciliates the creeping of the oxide layer past the projecting filaments so that, in this case, the contact between oxide and metal is preserved.
    Notes: Oberflächenfehler infolge eingewalzten Zunders können durch die Verzahnung zwischen Metall und Zunder und möglicherweise auch durch die Ansammlung von Fayalit an der Grenzfläche bedingt sein. Beide Faktoren werden durch hohe Temperaturen, d. h. Temperaturen von 1200° C und darüber, begünstigt.Im Falle niedriglegierter Stähle sollte die Ofenatmosphäre stark oxydierend, für Stähle mit nur „Rest-Nickelgehalten“ hingegen schwach oxydierend eingestellt werden.In den frühen Stadien der Oxydation bleibt das Oxid in Kontakt mit dem Metall selbst, indem es „nachkriecht“.Durch das nach innen gerichtete Kriechen der Zunderschicht wird in einer dünnen Schicht Nickel konzentriert. So bald das Kriechen durch Eindiffundieren von Sauerstoff ersetzt ist, bleiben die Metallteilchen räumlich fixiert während die Grenzfläche noch weiter in das Metall hineinwandert. Die Dicke der erweiterten Verzahnungszone ist ein Maß für die durch Eindiffundieren von Sauerstoff entstandene Zundermenge.Die Metallfilamente verlieren Eisen an das umgebende Oxid. Die Nickelanreicherung ist andererseits mit einer Volumenverringerung verbunden.Geschmolzenes Fayalit-Eutektikum erleichtert das Kriechen der Oxidschicht an den vorstehenden Filamenten vorbei, so daß der Kontakt zwischen Oxid und Metall dann erhalten bleibt.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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