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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allocation of attentional resources during habituation to food cues (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 34 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Two experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that habituation to repeated food cues can be inhibited by allocating processing resources to nonfood cues. In two experiments, the salivary response to 10 presentations of lemon yogurt was assessed while subjects engaged in a controlled cognitive search task (demanding attentional resources), an automatic search task (needing fewer attentional resources), or no task. In Experiment 1, the controlled and automatic search tasks differed in the number of memory set items. In Experiment 2, the size of the memory sets was held constant, and individuals were provided practice to stabilize the different search strategies in the task. The automatic search and no task groups habituated to the repeated presentation of food cues in both experiments, but the controlled search group did not. These results support the hypothesis that allocation of attentional resources to external cues can influence the processing of food cues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02416.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A multi-dimensional analysis of cue-elicited craving in heavy smokers and tobacco chippers (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing, part of the Taylor & Francis Group
    Addiction 96 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: 
 Aims. This research examined the performance of a broad range of measures posited to relate to smoking craving. 
Design. Heavy smokers and tobacco chippers, who were either deprived of smoking or not for 7 hours, were exposed to both smoking (a lit cigarette) and control cues. 
Participants. Smokers not currently interested in trying to quit smoking (n = 127) were recruited. Heavy smokers (n = 67) averaged smoking at least 21 cigarettes/day and tobacco chippers (n = 60) averaged 1-5 cigarettes on at least 2 days/week. 
Measurements. Measures included urge rating scales and magnitude estimations, a rating of affective valence, a behavioral choice task that assessed perceived reinforcement value of smoking, several smoking-related judgement tasks and a measure of cognitive resource allocation. 
Findings. Results indicated that both deprivation state and smoker type tended to affect responses across these measurement domains. 
Conclusions. Findings support the use of several novel measures of craving-related processes in smokers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961014196.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative efficacy of rapid-release nicotine gum versus nicotine polacrilex gum in relieving smoking cue-provoked craving (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Addiction 100 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims  Most relapse episodes occur when smokers are confronted with craving provoked by situational cues. Current nicotine gum can help relieve cue-provoked cravings, but faster effects may result in more rapid relief. We tested a prototype formulation of a new rapid-release nicotine gum (RRNG) that provides more rapid release and absorption of nicotine, for its ability to provide faster and better craving relief compared to current nicotine polacrilex gum (NPG).Design  Random assignment to RRNG or NPG, used during a smoking cue provocation procedure.Participants and setting  A total of 319 smokers were exposed to a smoking cue in the laboratory by being asked to light but not smoke a cigarette of their preferred brand. Subjects then chewed a piece of 2 mg RRNG (n = 159) or 2 mg NPG (n = 160) according to randomized assignment.Measurements  Craving assessments were completed at regular intervals before and after cue exposure (baseline, pre-cue, and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 25, 30 and 35 minutes after the cue).Findings  Smokers chewing RRNG showed significantly lower craving than NPG subjects starting with the first assessment at 3 minutes (P 〈 0.025). Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant treatment × time interaction (P 〈 0.05)—craving scores dropped more rapidly in RRNG subjects compared to NPG subjects. Survival analyses also indicated superiority of RRNG in achieving more rapid self-reported meaningful relief (P 〈 0.05) and complete relief (P 〈 0.05) of craving.Conclusions  Rapid-release nicotine gum reduced cue-provoked craving more rapidly compared to NPG, and thus merits further study in cessation efficacy trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01218.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The measurement of drug craving (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing, part of the Taylor & Francis Group
    Addiction 95 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: This paper reviews theoretical and methodological issues in the measurement of drug craving, with an emphasis on self-report assessment. Despite the important role that craving plays in many research and clinical settings, the way in which the construct is conceptualized and measured rarely receives sufficient attention. Issues pertinent to conceptualizing craving are identified. Because there is no single perfect measure of craving, it is essential that researchers understand the limitations of each measure. Measurement performance concerns that affect the validity of different measures are reviewed. Non-verbal assessment methods are also reviewed. Research factors that may help determine the optimal measures for a given study are highlighted. It is concluded that advances in assessment will proceed only when combined with additional research and a better theoretical understanding of craving.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.95.8s2.8.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Smoking Urge on Generation of Smoking-Related Information (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of applied social psychology 27 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1559-1816
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Despite widespread research, the role of smoking urge in relapse remains unclear. The present study examined the effect of a smoking-urge manipulation on the generation of smoking-related information. During each of 2 experimental sessions, smokers were given 90 s to list as many positive characteristics of smoking, and then 90 s to list as many negative characteristics as they could. Results indicated that experimental manipulations designed to elicit an urge to smoke increased the number of positive but not negative aspects of smoking. This selective accessing of positive information related to cigarette use during an urge may increase the likelihood of smoking. Results are interpreted with respect to extant models of drug urge and Kunda's (1990) theory of motivated reasoning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb01604.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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