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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Guidelines on sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) exposure tests (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 37 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This report reviews the clinical and hisiopathological reactions caused by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and the non-invasive methods that can characterize these reactions. Furthermore, SLS exposure techniques and factors that may influence the outcome of these exposures are discussed. Finally, guidelines are introduced for each exposure technique in order 10 have a uniform approach to SLS jesting in man. Since different study aims warrant different testing conditions, we have proposed 2 categories, namely susceptibility testing and provocative testing, tailored to the aim with which the study is performed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00041.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Site, gender and age variation in normal skin colour on the back and the forearm: tristimulus colorimeter measurements (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Skin research and technology 3 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0846
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To study whether anatomical location and age and gender of subjects had any influence on the objective skin colour measurements.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Methods: Baseline colour in prone position was measured with the Minolta ChromaMeter® in the upper, middle and lower level of the upper back and on the forearm of 168 volunteers. These two sites are commonly used in skin testing.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Results and conclusions: Higher basal a* and lower basal L* levels were found on the upper scapular region compared to the lower scapular region and the subscapular region. The basal b* level showed no variation relative to site. The basal a* and the basal b* levels were lower on the forearm compared to the upper back while the basal L* level was higher. Females above 65 years showed a less coloured skin with lower values as compared to those of younger age. Females were found to have a generally lower basal a* level than males both on the upper back and forearm skin. These relatively major differences and sources of variation have to be considered when planning irritancy studies where colour differences between erythema and normal skin is used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.1997.tb00160.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-frequency ultrasound characterization of normal skin. Skin thickness and echographic density of 22 anatomical sites (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Skin research and technology 1 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0846
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background/aims: Variation in skin thickness relative to anatomical site was little studied in the past. Biopsy cutting and histological processing change tissue geometry. High-frequency ultrasound allows in vivo measurement of skin thickness of multiple sites. The object was to map regional differences in skin thickness.Methods: 22 different anatomical sites were studied. The Dermascan C (20 MHz) was used. The acoustic density of the dermis and the epidermal entrance echo was analyzed by the in-built image analysis software. 18 healthy volunteers aged 24-41 years were studied.Results: Extremity skin was thinner than truncal skin, and acoustically dense. Females had thinner and more dense skin in comparison with males. Skin of the palm, sole and the head was thick but weak in density, and the biological variation in the dermis/subcutaneous tissue interphase does not allow highly accurate evaluation in these special sites. There was an overall inverse correlation between skin thickness and acoustic density with thin skin being dense and thick skin being relatively echo-poor.Conclusions: Skin thickness and acoustic density reflecting intradermal structure exhibit systematic regional variation with thin and dense skin on extremities in comparison with the trunk and special ultrasound profiles in selected sites such as the face, the palp and sole. Female skin is thinner and more dense in comparison with male skin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.1995.tb00021.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hachiro Tagami, MDJapanese dermatologist in a global community (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Skin research and technology 9 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0846
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0846.2003.00342.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of two pH meters used for skin surface pH measurement: the pH meter ‘pH900’ from Courage & Khazaka versus the pH meter ‘1140’ from Mettler Toledo (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Skin research and technology 7 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0846
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background/aims: Measurement of skin surface pH is used in clinical research to evaluate hazardous shifts in pH following external exposures and to evaluate the state of diseased skin with acute or chronic changes. It is therefore important to measure skin surface pH as precisely as possible. The aim of this study was to compare two commercially available pH meters used for skin surface pH measurement, to reveal differences between them in measured skin pH on the forearm.Methods: The first pH meter (pH900) had a pointed electrode and a stabilisation period of 3 s. The second pH meter (pH meter 1140) had a circular electrode and no fixed stabilisation period. Twelve healthy subjects (6 male and 6 female Caucasians) entered the study. The pH measurements were performed once an hour from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. on both forearms in five areas from the elbow to the “wristwatch” zone. In each area, three measurements were performed next to each other with both pH meters (15 measurements per arm per hour per pH meter).Results: The pH900 has a higher measuring level and a higher variation than the pH meter 1140.Conclusion: A skin surface pH meter with a circular electrode and with no fixed stabilisation period is preferable. It is recommended that the pH meter be allowed to stabilise for at least 7 s before the result is read.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0846.2001.70205.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antinuclear Antibodies and Anti-DNA Antibodies in Scleroderma (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 41 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Antinuclear antibodies (ANA), including anti-DNA antibodies, and rheumatoid factors (RAT, Waaler-Rose) were determined prospectively during a 3-year period in 40 patients with localized scleroderma (LS) compared with 77 patients with generalized scleroderma (GS). ANA were increased in 25% of patients with LS, and in 47% with GS, anti-DNA antibodies m 23% of patients with LS, and in 34% with GS. Thus, the anti-DNA antibody level was lower compared with the known level in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatoid factors were present in 6–7% of patients with LS, and in 14–15% of patients with GS. Increased antinuclear antibodies were not associated with any specific type of localized scleroderma, nor with internal disorders, and no case of clinical overlap to discoid or systemic lupus erythematosus was observed. However, six patients with localized scleroderma and complaints of arthralgia all presented increased antibodies, and one patient showed overlap to rheumatoid arthritis. It is suggested that increased ANA and anti-DNA antibodies in localized scleroderma, associated with joint manifestations, represents a systemic component m this type of scleroderma, with activation of the immune system and similarities with generalized collagen diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1986.tb00326.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantification of Weal Reactions with Laser Doppler Flowmetry (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 40 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Skin-prick experiments with different concentrations of histamine (0.1 mg/ml, 1.0 mg/ml, 10.0 mg/ml) and isotonic NaCl solution for control were performed on the forearms of 10 healthy volunteers. Regular recordings of the cutaneous blood flow by laser Doppler flowmetry were performed in the centre of the weals and 5, 10, 15 and 20 mm from the centre representing the zone of perilesional flare. In the weal centre the blood flow was increased but neither different concentrations of histamine nor the control reaction could be differentiated. Recordings performed 5 and 10 mm from the centre showed, however, significant differences between the different solutions of histamine tested as well as the control reaction. The better differentiation was obtained 5 and 10 min after skin-prick. In conclusion, laser Doppler flowmetry with recordings of the perilesional flare is found useful for quantification of weal reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1985.tb00226.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age-related diurnal changes of dermal oedema: evaluation by high-frequency ultrasound (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 131 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Using high-frequency ultrasound, we measured the influence of gravitational stress on skin echogenicity in 22 young (age range 17–27; median 19) and 22 elderly (age range 75–100; median 87) healthy adults. B-mode ultrasound images were obtained from the medial malleolus, lateral calf, anterior thigh, volar forearm and the medial aspect of the arm three times daily; in the morning, immediately before rising, and 2 and 12 h later. The echogenicity was measured by counting the number of low echogenic pixels in the image. Pronounced changes of low echogenic pixel numbers were seen in the areas exposed to high gravitational stress, i.e, the ankle and calf. In the young age-group echogenicity of the skin increased steadily during the day, whereas in the elderly population echogenicity decreased 2 h after getting up in the morning, and subsequently returned to the baseline level. In a control group of 10 people (aged 17–83; median 18), who remained in the supine position throughout the day, the echogenicity of the skin remained unchanged. As the echogenicity of the dermis is inversely related to the amount of fluid it contains, our results indicate that young skin responds to gravitational stress by fluid depletion. In the skin of the elderly, the mechanism of fluid removal appears to be defective. The impaired protection against the development of intradermal oedema in the elderly may predispose to the development of lipodermatosclerosis and leg ulceration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb08588.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of topically applied salicylic compounds on serotonin-induced scratching behaviour in hairless rats (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Experimental dermatology 11 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0625
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: There is a strong need for antipruritic substances for treating itch in clinical dermatology. In one recent human study, topically applied acetylsalicylic acid has been described to rapidly decrease histamine-induced itch. We have established a model for periferally elicited pruritus by injecting serotonin into the rostral back area (neck) in rats. Using this model, we aimed to investigate the antipruritic potential of four different salicylic compounds, which all possess different skin penetration characteristics. Eighteen rats were studied for 6 weeks. Prior to serotonin injections (2 mg/ml, 50 µl), 10 µl of test substances was applied to a circular area 18 mm in diameter. The four substances were salicylic acid, butyl salicylate, diethylamine salicylate and salicylamide, all solubilized in dimethyl isosorbide to a concentration of 5% w/w. Diethylamine salicylate and salicylamide were previously shown to be slowly absorbed through rat skin in contrast to salicylic acid and butyl salicylate. After serotonin injections, scratching was monitored by video recording for 1.5 h. Compared with the vehicle, a lower number of scratch sequences were seen when diethylamine salicylate (P 〈 0.001) and salicylamide (P = 0.005) had been applied. The numbers of scratch sequences were lower with diethylamine salicylate and salicylamide than with the vehicle throughout the 1.5-h study period. We conclude that topical application of diethylamine salicylate and salicylamide could suppress serotonin-induced scratching in rats. The antipruritic effect seems to be related to the slow drug release of the two substances. The results may be clinically relevant as serotonin induces itch in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0625.2002.110412.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Guidelines for measurement skin colour and erythema A report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Contact dermatitis 35 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0536
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This report reviews individual-related variables (age, sex, race, anatomical site. skin surface properties), intra- and interindividual variation (temporal, physical and mental activity, orthostatic effect, menstrual cycle/menopause), environment-related variables (light conditions, temperature) and various instrument-related variables that influence skin colour. CIE colorimetry (Minolta Chroma Meter) and spectrophotometric measurement (Derma Spectrometer) are considered. The guidelines give recommendations for measuring conditions and procedures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02258.x
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