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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effect of Digestive Enzymes on the Adhesion of Probiotic Bacteria In Vitro (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 66 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : Specific probiotics have several clinically proven health effects. Adhesion to the intestinal mucosa is considered important for many of these effects. In the current study, the effect of digestive enzymes and bile on the adhesion to intestinal mucus of 5 selected probiotics was studied. All of the digestive enzymes affected the adhesion of at least some of the tested strains. Bile was observed to reduce the adhesion of all strains tested. When the strains were sequentially exposed to 3 enzyme preparations and bile, the level of adhesion was reduced for all strains. The results suggest that the selection criterion “adhesion” for probiotics should be further refined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb15186.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyunsaturated fatty acids in maternal diet, breast milk, and serum lipid fatty acids of infants in relation to atopy (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 56 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: The increased consumption of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has been shown to coincide with the increased prevalence of atopic diseases. We aimed to investigate whether maternal diet and atopic status influence the PUFA composition of breast milk and the serum lipid fatty acids of infants. Methods: Maternal diet was assessed by a food questionnaire. The PUFA composition of breast milk obtained at 3 months from 20 allergic and 20 healthy mothers and of their infants' (10 atopic and 10 nonatopic/group of mothers) serum lipids was analyzed. Results: Although no differences in maternal PUFA intake were observed, the breast milk of allergic mothers contained less γ-linolenic acid (18:3 n-6) than that of healthy mothers. Similarly, atopic infants had less γ-linolenic acid in phospholipids than healthy infants, although n-6 PUFA were elevated in other serum lipid fractions in atopic infants. The serum lipid fatty acids in atopic infants did not correlate with those in maternal breast milk. Conclusions: Our results suggest that dietary n-6 PUFA are not as readily transferred into breast milk or incorporated into serum phospholipids, but may be utilized for other purposes, such as eicosanoid precursors, in allergic/atopic individuals. Subsequently, high dietary proportions of n-6 PUFA, or reduced proportions of regulatory PUFA, such as γ-linolenic acid and n-3 PUFA, may be a risk factor for the development of atopic disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.00965.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence supporting a non-phloem source of water for export of solutes in the xylem of soybean root nodules (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 15 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The vascular anatomy of soybean nodules [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] suggests that export of solutes in the xylem should be dependent on influx of water in the phloem. However, after severing of stem xylem and phloem by shoot decapitation, export of ureides from nodules continued at an approximately linear rate for 5h. This result was obtained with decapitated roots remaining in the sand medium, but when roots were disturbed by removal from the rooting medium prior to shoot decapitation, export of ureides from nodules was greatly reduced. Stem exudate could not be collected from disturbed roots, indicating that flow in the root xylem had ceased. Thus, ureide export from nodules appeared to be dependent on a continuation of flow in the root xylem. When seedlings were fed a mixture of 3H2O and 14C-inulin for periods of 14–21 min, nodules had higher 3H/14C ratios than roots from which they were detached. The combined results are not consistent with the proposal that export of nitrogenous compounds from nodules is dependent on import of water via the phloem. The results do support the view that a portion of the water required for xylem export from soybean nodules is supplied via a symplastic route from root cortex to nodule cortex to the nodule vascular apoplast.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb01016.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema (2000)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 30 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Over the last two decades the incidence of allergic diseases has increased in industrialized countries, and consequently new approaches have to be explored.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ObjectiveThe potential of probiotics to control allergic inflammation at an early age was assessed in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉MethodsA total of 27 infants, mean age 4.6 months, who manifested atopic eczema during exclusive breast-feeding and who have had no exposure to any infant or substitute formula were weaned to probiotic-supplemented, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 or Lactobacillus strain GG (ATCC 53103), extensively hydrolysed whey formulas or to the same formula without probiotics. The extent and severity of atopic eczema, the growth and nutrition of infants, and concentrations of circulating cytokines/chemokines and soluble cell surface adhesion molecules in serum and methyl-histamine and eosinophilic protein X in urine were determined.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉ResultsThe SCORAD score reflecting the extent and severity of atopic eczema was 16 (7–25) during breast-feeding, median (interquartile range). After 2 months, a significant improvement in skin condition occurred in patients given probiotic-supplemented formulas, as compared to the unsupplemented group; χ2 = 12.27, P = 0.002. SCORAD decreased in the Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 group to 0 (0–3.8), and in the Lactobacillus GG group to 1 (0.1–8.7), vs unsupplemented 13.4 (4.5–18.2), median (interquartile range), in parallel with a reduction in the concentration of soluble CD4 in serum and eosinophilic protein X in urine.〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉ConclusionThe results provide the first clinical demonstration of specific probiotic strains modifying the changes related to allergic inflammation. The data further indicate that probiotics may counteract inflammatory responses beyond the intestinal milieu. The combined effects of these probiotic strains will guide infants through the weaning period, when sensitization to newly encountered antigens is initiated. The probiotic approach may thus offer a new direction in the search for future foods for allergy treatment and prevention strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00943.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The allergy epidemic extends beyond the past few decades (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Increased prevalence of allergic diseases in western societies has been described as an epidemic. The precise turning point for the epidemic and the antigens responsible for it remain obscure.Objective To evaluate how the prevalence of atopic disease has changed in terms of detectable sensitization to aeroallergens and dietary allergens in a cross-sectional comparison of subjects from birth cohorts more than 60 years apart.Methods We studied four groups of 100 subjects each (at ages 7, 27, 47 and 67 years), representing those born in 1990, 1963–66, 1943–46 and in 1923–26, respectively. Serum total and specific IgE concentrations against aeroallergens and dietary allergens were determined. A questionnaire elicited information on symptoms, allergic diseases and medication.Results The proportion of subjects with detectable IgE antibodies against aeroallergens increased consistently from the oldest to the youngest birth cohorts; χ2 trend=56.809, P〈0.0001. Similar progression was not seen in sensitization to dietary allergens. The proportion of those with diagnosed asthma differed significantly (χ2=13.45, P=0.004) across the birth cohorts. The lowest prevalence of asthma and sensitization to dietary allergens was detected in those born in 1943–46, i.e. during or immediately after World War II.Conclusion Prevalence of sensitization to airborne allergens, unlike that to dietary allergens, has increased over a long period of time. Our results support the concept of the immune function being programmed by external factors early in life. They also call for caution when interpretations of the pace and possible causes of the allergy epidemic are made on the basis of short-term studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01999.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do combined elimination diet and prolonged breastfeeding of an atopic infant jeopardise maternal bone health? (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 31 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Prolonged breastfeeding, and intervention in the maternal diet during breastfeeding, have been suggested as a means to treat atopic symptoms of infants. The impact of these actions on the mother's skeletal health has remained unclear.The purpose of this study was to determine factors that are associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and serum lipid fatty acid profile in mothers of atopic infants.BMD at the lumbar spine, right femoral neck and dominant distal radius of 24 mothers of atopic infants (study group) and 25 mothers of healthy infants (control group) were measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry postpartum after the resumption of menses. In addition, the fatty acid profile of their serum cholesteryl esters was determined.A systematic trend for 4–6% lower BMD was observed in the study group, but this difference was mainly attributable to a difference in body weight between the groups. In addition, the omega (ω)-3 fatty acid metabolite EPA showed a positive association with femoral neck BMD. Mothers of atopic infants had a significantly lower proportion of ω-6 fatty acid parent LA and a higher proportion of ω-6 fatty acid metabolite GLA than the control mothers. These differences were associated not only with dietary factors but also with the duration of postpartum amenorrhea and total lactation.Neither the breastfeeding nor the mother's short-term elimination diet per se seemed to be associated with low BMD in the mothers of atopic infants. Thus, if an elimination diet benefits the infant, it can be recommended for a limited period. However, it may be advisable to give special dietary counselling, especially to low body weight mothers, in order to ensure adequate nutrient intake and to minimize the possible risk of potential bone loss.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2001.00951.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human Studies on Probiotics: What Is Scientifically Proven (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 69 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : New knowledge has revealed that probiotics have specific properties and targets in the human intestinal tract. It is also understood that each probiotic strain, independent of the genera and species, is unique and the properties of each strain have to be assessed in a case-by-case manner. Human intervention studies are required for verification of probiotic properties. The basis of probiotics lies in the normal intestinal microbiota. The concept of healthy gut microbiota can be used in terms of preventing, correcting, and dietary manipulation of potential microbiota aberrancies. This is reflected in the search of probiotics with disease-specific properties. The effects of GI tract conditions, such as pH, bile, and digestive enzymes, on the survival and adhesion properties of probiotic bacteria have been documented. Various bacteria show different levels of tolerance to the GI conditions. Adhesion on intestinal surface lengthens the retention time of a probiotic, and it is particularly important for the small intestine. The residence time of material in the small intestine is relatively short. Such properties need to be clearly defined for probiotic microbes discovered in the future. An effective probiotic should reside at desirable target sites sufficiently long at sufficient concentrations to elicit probiotic effects. More research on the assessment of desirable dosages is urgently needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb10723.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Probiotic research: learn from the evidence (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Allergy 57 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2002.23804.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Negative Cooperativity of Phosphofructokinase as a Possible Regulator of Ripening in Banana Fruit (1974)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 247 (1974), S. 389-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In lacatan bananas a twenty-fold increase in the fructose-1,6-diphosphate level has been measured and it has been suggested that this could indicate the activation of phospho-fructokinase3. Activation of this same enzyme by an increasing concentration of inorganic phosphate has been suggested as a ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/247389b0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fatal and non-fatal occupational accidents: identical versus differential causation
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Safety Science 15 (1992), S. 109-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0925-7535
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0925-7535(92)90011-N
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